A simple method for synthesis of organotin species to investigate extraction procedures in sediments by isotope dilution gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Environmental application of elemental speciation analysis based on liquid or gas chromatography hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry—A review

“…Generally, sample preparation was and still is a major issue in this topic [19]. Moreover, for butyltins the development of isotopically enriched species-specific spikes triggered further methodological improvements [97][98][99][100][101][102]. Fig.…”

Effects of pH on the speciation of several triorganotin compounds in Anacostia River sediments using Mössbauer spectroscopy

“…While most investigators have focused on the determination of organotin species and their concentrations in the environment, only a few studies have been initiated to study the speciation of these compounds in sediments. Most methods involved extraction of the organotin compounds from the sediment and derivatization of the organotin species [8]. A method that eliminates this problem is Mo¨ssbauer spectroscopy.…”

Determination of Organometallic Compounds Using Species Specific Isotope Dilution and GC-ICP-MS

“…The organic solvent, the nature and concentration of the acid used for leaching, and the presence/absence of tropolone used as complexing agent, were all found to influence the grade of transformation that takes place during extraction [32]. Although the performance of the extraction procedures can be validated by recovery tests using certified reference materials (CRMs) or fortified samples, the validity of these procedures on real samples cannot be guaranteed [18,33]. This is because the adsorption/binding forces of the species of interest to the solid are strongly dependent on the matrix [10].…”

“…Another problem is the inability to match the concentrations of the organotin compounds in the spike with those present in the sample, thus affecting the accuracy and precision of the results [18,[24][25][26]. The latter problem can however be circumvented by using MI-SSID [5,23].…”

“…Single isotope -species specific isotope dilution (SI-SSID): where a mixture containing organotin species, all with the same isotope, is used as a spike. Single isotope species specific isotope dilution (SI-SSID) has been used during the last fifteen years for speciation analysis of bromine [12], chromium [13], iodine [14], selenium [15,16], mercury [17] and tin [18][19][20]. Recently multi-isotope species specific isotope dilution (MI-SSID) has been used to monitor and correct for the degradation/transformation that takes place during sample preparation [21][22][23].…”