A simple novel prognostic model for early stage oral tongue cancer

Predictive Significance of Tumor Depth and Budding for Late Lymph Node Metastases in Patients with Clinical N0 Early Oral Tongue Carcinoma

“…The high risk score was correlated with loco-regional recurrence and death. The score was introduced as the BD model [17]. Our current study is the first to evaluate histopathological tumor depth and tumor budding as risk factors of late neck metastasis in patients with untreated early oral tongue carcinoma and validated for the BD model.…”

“…And budding score ≥ 5 was regarded as a cutoff point for prognostic factor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) [13][14][15][16]. Almangush et al reported the combination of tumor budding (B) and a tumor depth (D) as a BD model for the prognostication of early oral tongue carcinoma [17]. The correlation between tumor budding and epithelial-mesenchymal transition has also been suggested [14,18,19].…”

Combining discovery and targeted proteomics reveals a prognostic signature in oral cancer

“…Standard multimodal management of OSCC is based on the tumor−node−metastasis (TNM) classification 2 , in which the tumor size and location and the presence of metastasis are used to define OSCC prognosis and treatment in the clinical setting 3 . However, this system has several flaws, such as patients with the same TNM stage exhibit different clinical behaviors, different treatment responses, and substantial variability in clinical outcomes 4,5 . Despite efforts to improve imaging and therapeutic modalities, OSCC prognosis, including survival rates, remains poor and may widely vary, even in the early stages of the disease, e.g., 20−40% of occult metastases are detected at the initial diagnosis 5–8 .…”

“…Histopathological parameters have previously been employed in numerous studies that aimed to improve the OSCC prognostic prediction and overcome the shortcomings of the TNM staging system 4,9–11 . Histopathological-based models may be used to stratify patients into low- and high-risk classes 9 and further identify patients at risk of aggressive early-stage OSCC, thus contributing to disease predictability in terms of clinical progression and treatment outcomes.…”

Early death among head and neck cancer patients

“…Without treatment with curative intent, the median survival is usually less than 4 months [2]. Even some patients with early stage HNC cancers, such as tongue cancer, show a considerable mortality rate [3]. Treatment of advanced stage HNC remains challenging and both surgical and oncological modalities result in acute side-effects, sequelae, or even mortality.…”