A simple survival model of volume-controlled hemorrhagic shock in awake rats

McGlew, Mary Jo; Šafář, Peter; Stremple, Paul

doi:10.1016/0300-9572(91)90050-9

Cited by 23 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Review of the literature provides previous studies that have tested the effect of varying the constant rate of blood withdrawal in fixed volume hemorrhagic shock models. These studies have shown that a faster constant rate of fixed volume hemorrhage results in increased production of tumor necrosis factor-␣ as well as increased mortality [3][4][5]. The physiologic and hormonal changes in a fixed rate of bleeding model have been documented in the pig [6].…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 94%

Physiologic Response to Hemorrhagic Shock Depends on Rate and Means of Hemorrhage

Frankel

Acosta

Anjaria

et al. 2007

Journal of Surgical Research

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Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 94%

Physiologic Response to Hemorrhagic Shock Depends on Rate and Means of Hemorrhage

Frankel

Acosta

Anjaria

et al. 2007

Journal of Surgical Research

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“…30,31 Despite this significant blood loss, half of the rats receiving DADLE were able to maintain their MAP within a range that is compatible with life. By contrast, none of the rats in the control group were able to overcome the effects of the initial hemorrhage on their pressures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, for the purpose of scientific comparisons, this model is preferred for determining differences with small sample sizes. 30 The finding of marked differences in changes in the lactic acid levels between the two groups is compelling, but not surprising considering the comparative hemodynamic states of the two groups. Because of the very small blood volumes in these 300-350-gram rats, it was necessary to use the total amount of plasma acquired during the hemorrhage process for the baseline measurement of lactate.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…A well-established survival model of volume-controlled hemorrhagic shock was employed at a bleed rate that is known to result in no survivors within three hours of initiating the hemorrhage. 30,31 The study was approved by the institutional animal care and use committee of the University of Mississippi Medical Center in accordance with federal regulations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of a δ Receptor Agonist on Duration of Survival during Hemorrhagic Shock

Summers

Hildebrandt

2003

Academic Emergency Medicine

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Objectives: Selective d receptor agonists have been shown to stabilize membrane physiologic processes, reduce metabolic rates, and provide protection against ischemic insults through K ATP channel opening in a variety of organ beds. However, their potential for affecting outcomes in states of generalized ischemia has not been explored. The authors examined the effect of the nonselective d receptor agonist, DADLE (D-Ala2-Leu5-enkephalin), on hemodynamic stability and duration of survival in an animal model of severe hemorrhagic shock. Methods: Conscious Sprague Dawley rats with indwelling catheters were hemorrhaged at a rate of 3.25 mL/100 grams over 20 minutes after half of the group received 1% DADLE (1 mg/kg IV). Following the hemorrhage, all rats were continuously monitored for heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and life signs for up to three hours (death defined as apnea, systolic blood pressure \ 30 mm Hg without pulsations, and electroencephalographic silence). Survival rates and hemodynamic trends were compared between the control and DADLE-treated groups. Results: In the 14 rats studied (8 DADLE; 6 controls), initial hemorrhage resulted in similar hemodynamic shock (average MAP fall: 118 to 59 vs 119 to 55 mm Hg). Analysis of survival at 3.5 hours revealed statistically significant differences between the control and DADLE groups. While 50% of the DADLE group survived past the three hours, no control animals were still alive at the end of the experimental period. The MAP trended downward and the HR increased for the control group, but all hemodynamic parameters stabilized in the rats treated with DADLE. Conclusions: Most current strategies for treating shock focus on the supply side of resuscitation. The coordinated various actions of DADLE have the potential to work in concert in the intact organism to improve overall survival during severe hemorrhagic shock. In an animal model of severe hemorrhagic shock, there was improvement in hemodynamic stability and a prolonged survival with DADLE treatment. Physiologic manipulation with DADLE appears to be a way to improve survival during shock with possible clinical implications.

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“…A dose of 5 m g k g was chosen to provide clear-cut analgesia [ 2 5 ] . Arterial blood samples (200 p L ) were taken at 0,5,10,20,40,60,80,100 and 120 min for determination of plasma concentrations of morphine and M3G. The blood samples were centrifuged and frozen at -20 "C until analysis.…”

Section: Experimental Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of hemorrhagic shock on the pharmacokinetics and the analgesic effect of morphine in the rat

Paepe

Belpaire

Rosseel

et al. 1998

Fundamemntal Clinical Pharma

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The influence of hemorrhagic shock (removal of 30% of the blood volume) on the pharmacokinetics and the analgesic effect of morphine was investigated in conscious rats. Plasma concentrations of morphine after a bolus injection (5 mg/kg) are higher in the shock animals, which is attributed to a small decrease in clearance (-22%; P > 0.05) and a significant decrease in distribution volume (-33%; P < 0.05) of the drug. The areas under the plasma concentration-time curve of the metabolite morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) are significantly higher (+237%; P < 0.01) in the shock rats, which is probably explained by a decreased distribution and renal excretion. The analgesic effect of morphine was evaluated using the tail-flick test during a continuous infusion (10 mg/kg/h) with measurement of the plasma concentrations of morphine and M3G. Data from these experiments show higher plasma concentrations of morphine (+33%; P < 0.05) and M3G (+66%; P > 0.05) during shock, and a significantly increased analgesic effect (+43%; P < 0.05). Our data suggest that the increased analgesic effect of morphine during hemorrhagic shock can most likely be explained by pharmacokinetic changes resulting in higher morphine concentrations.

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A simple survival model of volume-controlled hemorrhagic shock in awake rats

Cited by 23 publications

References 27 publications

Physiologic Response to Hemorrhagic Shock Depends on Rate and Means of Hemorrhage

Physiologic Response to Hemorrhagic Shock Depends on Rate and Means of Hemorrhage

Effect of a δ Receptor Agonist on Duration of Survival during Hemorrhagic Shock

The influence of hemorrhagic shock on the pharmacokinetics and the analgesic effect of morphine in the rat

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