“…The simulation-based optimization approach has also been widely used to solve the problems of congestion pricing (Chen et al, 2016;He et al, 2017), traffic signal control (Chong and Osorio, 2015;Osorio and Bierlaire, 2013;Nanduri, 2015a, 2015b), transit scheduling (Zhang and Xu, 2017), vehicle sharing (Cardin et al, 2017), supply chain management (Noordhoek et al, 2018), liner shipping (Dong and Song, 2009), etc. In general, there are three classes of methods for the simulation-based optimization, including the directsearch method, the stochastic gradient method, and the metamodel (or surrogate) method (Osorio and Bierlaire, 2013).…”