“…Studies of morphological and metabolic differences between susceptible and resistant strains has been reported, based on comparison of the first available well-characterized isolates of European origin (Mottier et al , 2006; Solana et al , 2009; Ceballos et al , 2010; Hanna et al , 2010; Scarcella et al , 2011, 2012; reviewed in Kelley et al , 2016). The search for mutations in putative target (tubulin) or effector (P-glycoprotein (PGP), glutathione S-transferase (GST)) genes has been based on European isolates (Ryan et al , 2008; Wilkinson et al , 2012; Fernández et al , 2015), but confirmation in other isolates is needed. In fact, the PGP point mutation proposed as being associated with resistant isolates was not found to be associated with Australian isolates (Elliott & Spithill, 2014), and studies under way on some of the South American isolates have not found the variant to be associated with resistance (Solana and Tort, unpublished).…”