A single chip laser radar receiver with a 9&amp;#x00D7;9 SPAD detector array and a 10-channel TDC

Jahromi, Sahba; Jansson, Jussi-Pekka; Nissinen, Ilkka; Nissinen, Jan; Kostamovaara, J.

doi:10.1109/esscirc.2015.7313903

Cited by 13 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The complete timing electronics was essentially composed of the combination of three modules: TAC, ADC, and a multichannel analyzer to generate the histogram of the arrival times. 166,167 Indeed, arrays of thousands of SPADs with in-pixel TDC 132,[168][169][170] or alternatively with a battery of TDCs shared among different pixels 171,172 are being developed in cost-effective CMOS process. 161 A modern solution, commonly used in TD diffuse optics systems, is the use of either a PC board based on TACs and ADCs 99,164 or a bench module based on TDCs.…”

Section: Timing Electronicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New frontiers in time-domain diffuse optics, a review

et al. 2016

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The recent developments in time-domain diffuse optics that rely on physical concepts (e.g., time-gating and null distance) and advanced photonic components (e.g., vertical cavity source-emitting laser as light sources, single photon avalanche diode, and silicon photomultipliers as detectors, fast-gating circuits, and time-to-digital converters for acquisition) are focused. This study shows how these tools could lead on one hand to compact and wearable time-domain devices for point-of-care diagnostics down to the consumer level and on the other hand to powerful systems with exceptional depth penetration and sensitivity.

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Section: Timing Electronicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New frontiers in time-domain diffuse optics, a review

et al. 2016

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“…As a result, during each measurement, one 3 × 3 subarray can be enabled to detect photons. The breakdown time from all nine active SPADs are measured simultaneously with respect to the start signal (for details, refer to [21]).…”

Section: Spad Array Icmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timing and probability of crosstalk in a dense CMOS SPAD array in pulsed TOF applications

Jahromi

Kostamovaara

2018

Opt. Express

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As the distance between neighboring devices in large CMOS single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays is reduced for improving the density, increased crosstalk becomes an important issue, limiting the maximum practical fill factor of the array. In this study, the temporal correlation of crosstalk events, as well as the crosstalk probability, and their dependence on parameters, such as the illumination wavelength and intensity, and the distance between SPADs, are investigated via measurement of a ~45%-fill factor CMOS SPAD array fabricated using 0.35-µm high-voltage CMOS technology. The SPADs have 24 µm × 24 µm square-shaped active areas, and all devices share a common deep-N-well cathode. On-chip time-to-digital converters with 65-ps resolution are used to measure the timing of crosstalk events in "coincidence measurements." For the crosstalk measurements, the internal noise in one SPAD is used to produce crosstalk events in the neighboring devices. The measurement results indicate both optical and electrical crosstalk with the crosstalk events, having a specific temporal distribution. The crosstalk probability in the first two adjacent pixels is found to be 0.3% and 0.01%, with a distribution having full widths at half maximum (FWHMs) of 700 and 400 ps, respectively. In pulsed time-of-flight measurements, when one SPAD is triggered with external short-pulsed (FWHM of approximately 200 ps) illumination, extra correlated noise in the adjacent SPADs added to the crosstalk noise, increasing the correlated noise considerably. This additional noise was a secondary effect of the absorbed laser photons deep in the substrate.

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“…The transmitter consist of a laser diode capable of producing high power and high speed laser pulses using a relatively simple pulsing scheme of a high-speed MOSswitch driving an RLC-circuit [9]. The detector, including the 2D 9x9 SPAD array and the 10-channel Time-to-Digital converter (TDC) circuit, is a single-chip IC manufactured in a standard 0.35 µm high voltage complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor (HV CMOS) process having the total chip dimensions of 2.5 mm x 4 mm [10]. Fig.…”

Section: A General Viewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The total SPAD array dimensions are 330 µm x 330 µm of which a single SPAD size is 24 μm x 24 μm. The SPAD array active area fill factor is around 50% [10].…”

Section: Spad Arraymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The TDC also supports the time gating feature allowing stop signal registering after a certain time interval after the start signal only. Finally, the TDC measured TOF time interval data, 18 bytes per each measurement, are transmitted to a PC by a FPGA board, which also handles the detector IC configuration in the beginning of the TOF measurement [10,11].…”

Section: Tdc Circuitmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A laser radar based on a “impulse-like” laser diode transmitter and a 2D SPAD/TDC receiver

Huikari

Jahromi

Jansson

et al. 2017

2017 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)

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A pulsed TOF laser radar has been implemented and its performance characterized. The transmitter applies a QW double-heterostructure laser diode producing 0.6 nJ/ 100 ps laser pulses at the central wavelength of ~ 817 nm. The detector is a single-chip IC, manufactured in the standard 0.35 µm HV CMOS process, including a 9x9 SPAD array and a 10-channel TDC circuit. Both the SPAD array and the TDC circuit support a time gating feature allowing photon detection only to occur within a predefined time window. The SPAD array also supports the sub-array selection feature in order to respond to the laser spot wandering effect due to paraxial optics. A sub-array is a 3x3 SPAD array freely chosen within a 9x9 SPAD array. The characteristic measurement results demonstrate the measurement range of tens of meters with a linearity precision +/-0.5 mm to the 11% target reflectivity and at pulsing frequency of 100 kHz. The distance dependent detection rate varies from 28% to 500%, thus providing a high measurement rate. The single-shot precision is ~ 20 mm. The deteriorating impact of high-level background radiation conditions on the SNR has been demonstrated as well as a scheme to improve it by detector time gating.

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A single chip laser radar receiver with a 9×9 SPAD detector array and a 10-channel TDC

Cited by 13 publications

References 9 publications

New frontiers in time-domain diffuse optics, a review

New frontiers in time-domain diffuse optics, a review

Timing and probability of crosstalk in a dense CMOS SPAD array in pulsed TOF applications

A laser radar based on a “impulse-like” laser diode transmitter and a 2D SPAD/TDC receiver

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