A single nucleotide polymorphism in the CYP2E1 gene promoter affects skatole content in backfat of boars of two commercial Duroc-sired crossbred populations

Mörlein, Daniel; Lungershausen, Mara; Steinke, Kirsten; Sharifi, Ahmad; Knorr, C.

doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.06.031

Cited by 21 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Approaches to lower the level of boar taint focus to lower the boar taint compounds: androstenone, skatole and indole. The average values of boar taint compounds measured in this study are similar to the values measured in Durocsired crossbreed population (Morlein, Lungershausen, Steinke, Sharifi, & Knorr, 2012) and a little bit higher than the values recorded in Large White × Landrace pigs (Zammerini et al, 2009). With regard to the putative sensory rejection thresholds (Bonneau & Chevillon, 2012;Claus et al, 1994;Whittington et al, 2011) for androstenone (N1.0 μg/g fat), skatole (N0.2 μg/g fat) and indole (N0.10 μg/g fat), about 20% of boars exceeded androstenone level of 0.1 μg/g fat, 27% of boars exceeded skatole level of 0.2 μg/g and 18% exceeded indole level of 0.1 μg/g fat (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Preliminary study of FMO1, FMO5, CYP21, ESR1, PLIN2 and SULT2A1 as candidate gene for compounds related to boar taint

et al. 2015

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Preliminary study of FMO1, FMO5, CYP21, ESR1, PLIN2 and SULT2A1 as candidate gene for compounds related to boar taint

et al. 2015

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“…On this region of interest, Ramos et al [13] reported that several SNP markers located close on the region on SSC6 that were significantly associated with skatole levels. Genes coding for cytochrome family have previously been shown to be associated with skatole levels [12], [58] and are mapped on SSC6. These genes are known to be involved in phase I metabolism of skatole [58], [59] implying that these genes could be important positional and functional candidate for boar taint compounds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several QTL for skatole were identified on different pig chromosomes such as on SSC6, SSC7, SSC12, SSC13, SSC14 and SSCX in different pig populations [9], [10]. A few studies performed polymorphism and association analysis of selected genes [11], [12] and a study was devoted to perform a genome wide association [13] for skatole in pigs. In this regard, the genes coding for enzymes of the cytochrome family received considerable interest due to their role in skatole metabolism, such as cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) is the main hepatic enzyme involved in the metabolism of skatole in the liver [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of the Novel Candidate Genes and Variants in Boar Liver Tissues with Divergent Skatole Levels Using RNA Deep Sequencing

et al. 2013

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Boar taint is the unpleasant odour of meat derived from non-castrated male pigs, caused by the accumulation of androstenone and skatole in fat. Skatole is a tryptophan metabolite produced by intestinal bacteria in gut and catabolised in liver. Since boar taint affects consumer’s preference, the aim of this study was to perform transcriptome profiling in liver of boars with divergent skatole levels in backfat by using RNA-Seq. The total number of reads produced for each liver sample ranged from 11.8 to 39.0 million. Approximately 448 genes were differentially regulated (p-adjusted <0.05). Among them, 383 genes were up-regulated in higher skatole group and 65 were down-regulated (p<0.01, FC>1.5). Differentially regulated genes in the high skatole liver samples were enriched in metabolic processes such as small molecule biochemistry, protein synthesis, lipid and amino acid metabolism. Pathway analysis identified the remodeling of epithelial adherens junction and TCA cycle as the most dominant pathways which may play important roles in skatole metabolism. Differential gene expression analysis identified candidate genes in ATP synthesis, cytochrome P450, keratin, phosphoglucomutase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and solute carrier family. Additionally, polymorphism and association analysis revealed that mutations in ATP5B, KRT8, PGM1, SLC22A7 and IDH1 genes could be potential markers for skatole levels in boars. Furthermore, expression analysis of exon usage of three genes (ATP5B, KRT8 and PGM1) revealed significant differential expression of exons of these genes in different skatole levels. These polymorphisms and exon expression differences may have impacts on the gene activity ultimately leading to skatole variation and could be used as genetic marker for boar taint related traits. However, further validation is required to confirm the effect of these genetic markers in other pig populations in order to be used in genomic selection against boar taint in pig breeding programs.

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“…In a small separate sample of 83 Danish pigs significantly more AJ697882_2412 ( SIRI0000194 ) CC homozygotes were observed in the ‘high’ skatole group [32]. More recently associations between skatole levels in two Duroc populations and the AJ697882_2412 ( SIRI0000194 ) SNP have been reported [33]. Again the CC homozygotes exhibited the highest skatole levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the genetics of boar taint reveals both single SNPs and regional effects

et al. 2014

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BackgroundBoar taint is an offensive urine or faecal-like odour, affecting the smell and taste of cooked pork from some mature non-castrated male pigs. Androstenone and skatole in fat are the molecules responsible. In most pig production systems, males, which are not required for breeding, are castrated shortly after birth to reduce the risk of boar taint. There is evidence for genetic variation in the predisposition to boar taint.A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed to identify loci with effects on boar taint. Five hundred Danish Landrace boars with high levels of skatole in fat (>0.3 μg/g), were each matched with a litter mate with low levels of skatole and measured for androstenone. DNA from these 1,000 non-castrated boars was genotyped using the Illumina PorcineSNP60 Beadchip. After quality control, tests for SNPs associated with boar taint were performed on 938 phenotyped individuals and 44,648 SNPs. Empirical significance thresholds were set by permutation (100,000). For androstenone, a ‘regional heritability approach’ combining information from multiple SNPs was used to estimate the genetic variation attributable to individual autosomes.ResultsA highly significant association was found between variation in skatole levels and SNPs within the CYP2E1 gene on chromosome 14 (SSC14), which encodes an enzyme involved in degradation of skatole. Nominal significance was found for effects on skatole associated with 4 other SNPs including a region of SSC6 reported previously. Genome-wide significance was found for an association between SNPs on SSC5 and androstenone levels and nominal significance for associations with SNPs on SSC13 and SSC17. The regional analyses confirmed large effects on SSC5 for androstenone and suggest that SSC5 explains 23% of the genetic variation in androstenone. The autosomal heritability analyses also suggest that there is a large effect associated with androstenone on SSC2, not detected using GWAS.ConclusionsSignificant SNP associations were found for skatole on SSC14 and for androstenone on SSC5 in Landrace pigs. The study agrees with evidence that the CYP2E1 gene has effects on skatole breakdown in the liver. Autosomal heritability estimates can uncover clusters of smaller genetic effects that individually do not exceed the threshold for GWAS significance.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-424) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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A single nucleotide polymorphism in the CYP2E1 gene promoter affects skatole content in backfat of boars of two commercial Duroc-sired crossbred populations

Cited by 21 publications

References 33 publications

Preliminary study of FMO1, FMO5, CYP21, ESR1, PLIN2 and SULT2A1 as candidate gene for compounds related to boar taint

Preliminary study of FMO1, FMO5, CYP21, ESR1, PLIN2 and SULT2A1 as candidate gene for compounds related to boar taint

Identification of the Novel Candidate Genes and Variants in Boar Liver Tissues with Divergent Skatole Levels Using RNA Deep Sequencing

Analysis of the genetics of boar taint reveals both single SNPs and regional effects

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