A sonic boom propagation model including mean flow atmospheric effects

Sonic Boom Prediction and Mitigation using Three-Dimensional Earth Effects

“…Atmospheric propagation also has seen enhancements in the form of lossy propagation [23], adjoint methods [3,24], non-empirical physics-based focus prediction [25], edge of the boom carpet diffraction [26], and atmospheric turbulence [27] effects. However, several other effects such as spherical or ellipsoid Earth effects, mean-flow wind effects [28,29], prediction in the shadow region [26], over-the-top secondary booms etc., have not been extensively researched, particularly for lossy propagation implementations, though formulations exist in literature. This paper attempts to include ellipsoidal Earth effects in the context of lossy atmospheric propagation and document the differences with results from traditional flat Earth models.…”