A Spatio-Temporal Pattern and Socio-Economic Factors Analysis of Improved Sanitation in China, 2006–2015

Abstract

Ensuring an adequate and safe access to sanitation is essential to prevent diseases. Using provincial spatial panel data reported in the China Health Statistical Yearbook and the China Statistical Yearbook, this paper analyzed the spatio-temporal characteristics of improved rural sanitation in 30 Chinese provinces during the period 2006–2015, and analyzed factors that may affect improved sanitation rates in rural China. Spatial autocorrelations of improved sanitation rates were computed via Global and Local Moran’s I firstly, and then, inter-provincial disparities of improved sanitation were assessed by using the Theil index estimator; finally, the spatial panel model was employed to examine the potential socio-economic factors. Spatial autocorrelations results suggested that the provincial improved sanitation rates changes affect both the provinces themselves and the adjacent regions; Analysis of the spatial panel model revealed that factors such as GDP per capita, investment proportion ratio, centralized water supply, rural residents’ expenditure were positively associated with improved sanitation rates, and illiteracy rate of people older than 15 was negatively related with improved sanitation rates. Socio-economic factors had affected the improved sanitation rates in 30 provinces in rural China. Thus, a series of policies, socio-economic measures and personal latrine literacy education should be given to improve the status of improved sanitation rates in rural China.

Socio-Economic Factors Related to Drinking Water Source and Sanitation in Malaysia

“…The conditions that people live in affect their access to clean water and proper sanitation. Despite the variable contexts in different countries, the common predictors of access to clean water and sanitation are income, education and geographical location [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. The presence of a female head in an African household was associated with better access to clean water as women played a traditional role in fetching water for the household [ 9 , 10 ].…”

Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Water Access in Rural Areas of Low and Middle Income Countries

“…According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund's (UNICEF) Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), approximately 844 million people worldwide lacked access to safe water in 2015 [2]. A vast majority of them were individuals who For doing this paper we follow the previous studies of Munamati et al, Luo et al and Luh and Bartram [6][7][8]. Munatami et al [6] analyze the determinants for sanitation success in Sub-Saharan African, Luo et al [7] analyze access to improved sanitation in China and Luh and Bartram [8] study the determinants for water access for 73 countries.…”

“…Luo et al use a spatial regression model to analyze the factors easing access to sanitation in China. They find that some socio-economic variables, such as GDP per capita or illiteracy are related to access to sanitation [7]. Finally, Luh and Bartram study the factors easing access to water services using as a dependent variable an "indicator of progress" instead of "access to water resources" for years 2000 up to 2012.…”

“…Following these studies, in our paper we want to analyze the determinants for access to water in rural areas as Munatami et al did [6] but, instead of analyzing only the increase of population gaining access to sanitation during these years, we analyze the access to water for the whole period between 1990 and 2015. In contrast to the Luo et al [7] analysis we use a panel data approach using a fixed effect model instead of a spatial model because we think it fits better our database. In addition, we want to provide new results that may contrast with the previous results of Luh and Bartram [8] by using a different approach and also by taking into account a longer period, 1990-2015, as well as different indicators.…”

Geography Matters for Sanitation! Spatial Heterogeneity of the District-level Correlates of Open Defecation in India

“…The available sanitation research overwhelmingly comprises of case studies that most commonly draw on household-level micro-data. A few studies have investigated international and sub-national geographical inequalities in sanitation conditions [50,51,52,53], while some have also analyzed the various sanitation determinants [54,20,49]. The research focusing on the meso-and macro-level patterns of OD practices is generally scanty and rather descriptive, being often limited to simply monitoring basic sanitation indicators [55].…”