A standard of fetal growth for the united states of America

Brenner, William E.; Edelman, David A.; Hendricks, Charles H.

doi:10.1016/0002-9378(76)90748-1

Cited by 843 publications

(301 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…However, the Mount Sinai WTC cohort had a 2-fold increased risk of small-forgestational-age (SGA) infants, defined as infants with a birth weight below the 10th percentile for gestational age in the nomogram of Brenner et al (1976) (Table 2). This statistically significant difference was still evident after controlling for relevant covariates and potential confounders, including maternal age, parity, race/ethnicity, sex of the infant, and maternal smoking history.…”

Section: Workgroup Report | Consequences Of the Wtc Disastermentioning

confidence: 99%

Health and environmental consequences of the world trade center disaster.

Landrigan

Lioy

Thurston

et al. 2004

Environ Health Perspect

342

329

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The attack on the World Trade Center (WTC) created an acute environmental disaster of enormous magnitude. This study characterizes the environmental exposures resulting from destruction of the WTC and assesses their effects on health. Methods include ambient air sampling; analyses of outdoor and indoor settled dust; high-altitude imaging and modeling of the atmospheric plume; inhalation studies of WTC dust in mice; and clinical examinations, community surveys, and prospective epidemiologic studies of exposed populations. WTC dust was found to consist predominantly (95%) of coarse particles and contained pulverized cement, glass fibers, asbestos, lead, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorinated furans and dioxins. Airborne particulate levels were highest immediately after the attack and declined thereafter. Particulate levels decreased sharply with distance from the WTC. Dust pH was highly alkaline (pH 9.0-11.0). Mice exposed to WTC dust showed only moderate pulmonary inflammation but marked bronchial hyperreactivity. Evaluation of 10,116 firefighters showed exposure-related increases in cough and bronchial hyperreactivity. Evaluation of 183 cleanup workers showed new-onset cough (33%), wheeze (18%), and phlegm production (24%). Increased frequency of new-onset cough, wheeze, and shortness of breath were also observed in community residents. Follow-up of 182 pregnant women who were either inside or near the WTC on 11 September showed a 2-fold increase in small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants. In summary, environmental exposures after the WTC disaster were associated with significant adverse effects on health. The high alkalinity of WTC dust produced bronchial hyperreactivity, persistent cough, and increased risk of asthma. Plausible causes of the observed increase in SGA infants include maternal exposures to PAH and particulates. Future risk of mesothelioma may be increased, particularly among workers and volunteers exposed occupationally to asbestos. Continuing follow-up of all exposed populations is required to document the long-term consequences of the disaster.

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Section: Workgroup Report | Consequences Of the Wtc Disastermentioning

confidence: 99%

Health and environmental consequences of the world trade center disaster.

Landrigan

Lioy

Thurston

et al. 2004

Environ Health Perspect

342

329

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“…Some are hospital-based, [2][3][4][5][6][7] giving rise to potential selection bias and problems of generalizability, particularly in view of the low 2,6,7 or high 4,5 socioeconomic status or high altitude 2 that characterizes some of the study hospitals; others are prescriptive rather than descriptive, ie, they are based on infants without known risk factors for impaired fetal growth and thus may not be applicable to populations with mixtures of low-and high-risk pregnancies. 8,9 Some are unisex references that fail to account for the known larger birth weight for gestational age in male versus female infants 3,4,6,10 ; others 11,12 go to the opposite extreme and provide curves that are specific for different races, parity, maternal size, and other customizing features for which available data do not permit confident inferences as to whether variations in fetal growth are physiologic or pathologic. Finally, some references are now several decades old and may no longer be pertinent to infants born in more recent years, given the increase in the size of infants born at or near term over the last several decades.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early references rounded gestational age to the nearest week, [2][3][4][5][6] rather than truncated to completed weeks. Although this practice makes sense from a biological standpoint, it is not consistent with World Health Organization (WHO; International Classification of Diseases) recommendations to base gestational age on the number of completed weeks, and references based on the nearest week cannot be applied to populations complying with the WHO recommendations.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A New and Improved Population-Based Canadian Reference for Birth Weight for Gestational Age

et al. 2001

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ABSTRACT. Background. Existing fetal growth references all suffer from 1 or more major methodologic problems, including errors in reported gestational age, biologically implausible birth weight for gestational age, insufficient sample sizes at low gestational age, singlehospital or other non-population-based samples, and inadequate statistical modeling techniques.Methods. We used the newly developed Canadian national linked file of singleton births and infant deaths for births between 1994 and 1996, for which gestational age is largely based on early ultrasound estimates. Assuming a normal distribution for birth weight at each gestational age, we used the expectation-maximization algorithm to exclude infants with gestational ages that were more consistent with 40-week births than with the observed gestational age. Distributions of birth weight at the corrected gestational ages were then statistically smoothed.Results. The resulting male and female curves provide smooth and biologically plausible means, standard deviations, and percentile cutoffs for defining small-and large-for-gestational-age births. Large-for-gestational age cutoffs (90th percentile) at low gestational ages are considerably lower than those of existing references, whereas small-for-gestational-age cutoffs (10th percentile) postterm are higher.

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“…The Hadlock formula is the most widely accepted method of estimating fetal weight using a composite sonographic measurement of fetal head, abdomen, and femur [47]. Fetal size is influenced by race, ethnicity, sex, parity, maternal size and genetic factors [48,49]. In the 1990s, Gardosi et al developed a method that used customized birth weights to identify the growth potential for individual fetuses: antenatal growth charts were customized for maternal characteristics including height, weight, ethnic origin and parity [50,51].…”

Section: Definition and Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Early onset fetal growth restriction

Nawathe

Lees

2017

Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecol

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Fetal growth restriction (FGR) diagnosed before 32 weeks is identified by fetal smallness associated with Doppler abnormalities and is associated with significant perinatal morbidity and mortality and maternal complications. Recent studies have provided new insights into pathophysiology, management options and postnatal outcomes of FGR. In this paper we review the available evidence regarding diagnosis, management and prognosis of fetuses diagnosed with FGR before 32 weeks of gestation.

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A standard of fetal growth for the united states of America

Cited by 843 publications

References 18 publications

Health and environmental consequences of the world trade center disaster.

Health and environmental consequences of the world trade center disaster.

A New and Improved Population-Based Canadian Reference for Birth Weight for Gestational Age

Early onset fetal growth restriction

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