“…Recently, biochar demonstrates significant practical potential for both Cd and CH 4 mitigation in paddy soils, , and biochar can be easily upscaled from the pyrolysis of renewable and low-cost biomasses, enabling large-scale applications. , The working mechanisms of biochar for either Cd or CH 4 mitigation in paddy soils have been well investigated separately. , For Cd, both physicochemical and microbial processes involved in biochar with typical characteristics can either directly immobilize soil-available Cd through surface complexation and chemical precipitation or facilitate soil microorganism (e.g., Geobacter ) respirations for promoting iron reduction and thus Cd precipitation. , Meanwhile, biochar can also modulate methanogenesis and CH 4 microbial oxidation through either interspecies electron transfer or the sequestration of soil-dissolved organic carbon. , However, a wealth of studies have revealed that the performance of biochar for mitigating Cd or CH 4 in paddy soils could significantly vary in association with its multiple characteristics such as element composition (C, N, and O), specific surface area (SSA), and ash content. , More importantly, as the biogeochemical behavior of Cd in paddy soils is somehow contrasting to that of CH 4 under certain circumstances in rice paddies (e.g., highly reducing conditions), , this might lead to undesired results when the two goals are concerned during the practice. Additionally, various soil properties (e.g., soil pH and organic carbon) between different sites also greatly influence the performance of biochar, , which add significant uncertainties to the prediction of biochar for paddy soil remediations.…”