A straightforward wet-chemistry method for the determination of solid and gaseous mercury fractions in Backlight Cold Cathode Fluorescence Lamps

Figi, Renato; Nagel, Oliver; Hagendorfer, Harald

doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2012.08.005

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Even similar lamp production has different mercury content in different batches due to the difficulties in dosing lamps with repeatable amounts of elemental mercury. According to the literature (Böni and Widmer, 2011; Cryan et al, 2010; Figi et al, 2012), the mercury content in CCFLs varies between 0.1 mg/lamp and 10 mg/lamp. Considering with the restriction values of mercury content in CCFLs in the Minamata Convention and its validity in China, permitted contents of mercury in CCFLs in the Minamata Convention on Mercury were chosen as the average amount of mercury in each tube to facilitate the calculation of mercury stock estimation (Table 2).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CCFLs with mercury content exceeding the limit are not allowed for manufacture, import or export after 2020. In Europe, the allowed mercury content in backlight CCFLs was restricted to the same amount early in 2011 in the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive (European Parliament and Council, 2012; Figi et al, 2012). In China, the government issued a national plan on reducing the mercury release from fluorescent lamps (FLs) production and the mercury content in FLs in 2013 (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) et al, 2013), which made a good preparation for the upcoming Minamata Convention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stocks and environmental release of mercury in backlight cold cathode fluorescence lamps

et al. 2018

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Cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs), with mercury as their essential component, were widely used as backlight in liquid crystal display (LCD) appliances before 2008. Since 2008, the mercury-free light emitting diode started to be used as a substitute for CCFLs and the replacement finished in about 2014. Nowadays, CCFLs are obsolete products from the viewpoint of manufacture but they are important as waste. In recent years, large amounts of CCFLs are flowing to waste phase for treatment and this has become a major issue in most countries. To better understand and control the risk of CCFLs, the stock of mercury in CCFLs, its flow to waste phase and mercury emission with the life cycle of CCFLs in mainland China were estimated in this study. Results showed that there was 15.2 tons of mercury stocked in CCFLs in main LCD appliances (i.e., LCD televisions, LCD monitors, and laptop monitors) from 2003-2015. CCFLs and mercury started to flow to waste phase around the year 2007 and will likely peak in 2018 with an annual flow of 324.8 million units and 1.5 tons respectively, then will likely decline dramatically till 2030. Dismantling and production were the two main life stages of CCFLs with mercury vapor release, during which approximately 2.1 tons and 1.2 tons of mercury were released to the atmosphere respectively. The research also indicates that mercury recycling in specialized facilities was another life stage with high mercury emission risk in which the processes of shredding, separation, and residue disposal are inevitably accompanied by mercury release.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stocks and environmental release of mercury in backlight cold cathode fluorescence lamps

et al. 2018

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“…The FLs were completely immersed in a 2% (w/v) aqueous KMnO 4 solution and carefully punctured with an awl or screwdriver and hammer (see inset (a) Figure 1). The underlying chemical reactions are already described elsewhere (Figi et al, 2012;Zhao and Rochelle, 1996). Owing to the vacuum in the glass tube, the KMnO 4 solution is immediately sucked in.…”

Section: Extraction Of Volatile Mercurymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A Retsch 'Cryo-Mill' with liquid nitrogen as coolant was employed for sample homogenisation (12 mm stainless steel milling balls, 3 min pre-cooling, 25 Hz, 3 min milling) for subsequent extraction and mineralisation of non-gaseous mercury from the milled glass powder. Details for the extraction procedure are already described (Figi et al, 2012).…”

Section: Extraction Of Non-gaseous Mercurymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Measures to check mercury levels in FLs require a routinely employable analytical strategy (cheap, fast, easy and fit-for-purpose), which can be used in any analytical laboratory and is capable to determine mercury speciation. A recently published method by our group (Figi et al, 2012) for the analysis of backlight cold cathode FLs (B-CCFLs) has the potential to fill this gap when adapted for the analysis of FLs. However, B-CCFLs are physically smaller and less sophisticated (no electronics or bases that have to be removed) and easier to handle compared with FLs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of non-gaseous and gaseous mercury fractions in unused fluorescent lamps: A study of different lamp types

et al. 2015

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Since incandescent light bulbs have been phased out in the European Union from 2009, the use of fluorescent lamps has drastically increased as a reliable, more energy-efficient and cost-effective alternative. State-of-the-art fluorescent lamps are dependent on mercury/mercury alloys, posing a risk for the consumer and the environment, and appropriate waste management is challenging. Consequently analytical methods to determine possible mercury species (non-gaseous/gaseous) in these lamps are of need. Here, a straightforward and wet-chemistry-based analytical strategy for the determination of gaseous and non-gaseous mercury in commercially available fluorescent lamps is presented. It can be adapted in any analytical laboratory, without or with only minimum modifications of already installed equipment. The analytical figures of merit, as well as application of the method to a series of commercially available fluorescent lamps, are presented. Out of 14 analysed and commercially available lamp types, results from this study indicate that only one contains a slightly higher amount of mercury than set by the legislative force. In all new lamps the amount of gaseous mercury is negligible compared with the non-gaseous fraction (88%-99% of total mercury).

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A simplified method to evaluate the recycling potential of e-waste

Zeng

Wang

et al. 2017

Journal of Cleaner Production

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A straightforward wet-chemistry method for the determination of solid and gaseous mercury fractions in Backlight Cold Cathode Fluorescence Lamps

Cited by 5 publications

References 4 publications

Stocks and environmental release of mercury in backlight cold cathode fluorescence lamps

Stocks and environmental release of mercury in backlight cold cathode fluorescence lamps

Determination of non-gaseous and gaseous mercury fractions in unused fluorescent lamps: A study of different lamp types

A simplified method to evaluate the recycling potential of e-waste

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