“…Aligned with the characteristics and narrative of each era, scholars measured the impact and effect of events for the industry (Enders, Sandler, & Parise, 1992;Saha & Yap, 2014), developed destination-recovery strategies (Blake & Sinclair, 2003), proposed destination-image restoration tactics (Avraham, 2013), introduced holistic strategic disaster/crises management approaches (Mansfeld, 1999), and propounded destination-specific anti-terrorism strategies (Paraskevas & Arendell, 2007). Despite the extensive coverage, numerous scholars (Chan, Lim, & McAleer, 2005; Paraskevas, Altinay, McLean, & Cooper, 2013) have argued that the severity and urgency of the topic, especially due to the substantial cost increase of conducting day-to-day business (Chen & Siems, 2004), necessitates research that expand the collective conceptual capital in metrics and controls, both of which are essential in managing knowledge in tourism crises.…”