“…Rice and Aydin (1991) It has been proposed that the effects of computer-mediated communication can be categorised from a two level perspective as technology can have both first-level and second-level effects (Sproull and Kiesler, 1991). Researchers have identified the first level negative effects of email systems as: productivity drain (Anderson, 1999;Graff and Grey, 2002;Lim et al, 2002;PWC, 2002); security breaches; urgent communications overlooked; excessive non-business communication (PWC, 2002;Sipior and Ward, 2002;Lim et al, 2002); an increasing cost of usage; information overload and redundancy (Sproull and Kiesler, 1991;Graff and Grey, 2002;Lim et al, 2002;Weber, 2004). Researchers have identified the second level negative effects of email systems as: depersonalization; disinhibition (Markus, 1994;Siau et al, 2002;Weber, 2004); profanities, bad news, negative sentiment and illicit use (Hodson et al, 1999;Siau et al, 2002); deindividuation (Sproull & Kiesler, 1991;Kwong and Lee, 2002); gender imbalance; electronic protestation and revolt (Sproull and Kiesler, 1991;Sipior and Ward, 2002); and gaining leverage (Rudy, 1996).…”