“…The construction of models consistent with observations of Earth's physical properties can be posed mathematically as solving an inverse problem referred to as full waveform inversion (FWI) (Lines and Newrick, 2004;Virieux and Operto, 2009;Fichtner, 2011;Brittan et al, 2013). FWI is used extensively in geophysical exploration studies in the search for raw materials such as oil and gas (Gras et al, 2019;Fruehn et al, 2019). The attraction of the FWI approach is the promise of deriving higher-fidelity models from acquired seismic data as compared to other less complex and less costly methods, for instance, time travel tomography (Lines and Newrick, 2004), normal moveout (NMO), Kirchhoff migration (Yilmaz, 2001), wave equation migration velocity analysis (WEMVA) (Sava and Biondi, 2004a, b), and wave field extrapolation migrations (Robein, 2010).…”