A Study of Climate Change and Cost Effective Mitigation of the Baltic Sea Eutrophication

How unnecessarily high abatement costs and unresolved distributional issues undermine nutrient reductions to the Baltic Sea

“…We also identify a group of papers that can be said to complement the above studies by analysing how nutrient-reduction cost estimates are affected when factors such as other environmental problems, learning-by-doing or novel measures are taken into account. Lindqvist et al ( 2013 ), Gren and Säll ( 2015 ), Gren ( 2017 ), Nainggolan et al ( 2018 ), and Gren and Ang ( 2019 ) study the costs of achieving water quality targets in the presence of climate change while Lindqvist and Gren ( 2013 ) and Elofsson ( 2014 ) instead focus on how technical change and knowledge diffusion affect total nutrient reduction costs. Gren et al ( 2009 ) and Gren et al ( 2018 ) examine how total costs are affected when an additional measure, mussel farming, is introduced.…”

“…Lastly, the model developed in Gren et al ( 2013 ) is the basis for the models in Lindqvist et al ( 2013 ), Lindqvist and Gren ( 2013 ) and Gren ( 2017 ). Elofsson ( 2014 ) also draws on the Gren et al ( 2013 ) model.…”

The Ex‐Post Cost‐Effectiveness of Nitrogen Load Reductions From Nine Countries to the Baltic Sea Between 1996 and 2010

“…In particular, both information on the cost of each measure and their impact on the costal loads is necessary. Original data for the model used in this paper was obtained from Gren (2008), and the data have been used successfully in previous publications, for example, Gren et al (2009Gren et al ( , 2013 and Lindkvist et al (2013). Cost functions for emission reductions are in most cases assumed to be linear, implying that the unit cost of reduction is constant, with an exception for fertilizer reductions where the unit cost is increasing.…”

Value of adaptation in water protection — Economic impacts of uncertain climate change in the Baltic Sea

“…This study contributes to the literature on optimal nutrient abatement in the Baltic Sea (Gren et al, 1997;Hart and Brady, 2002;Laukkanen and Huhtala, 2008;Lindkvist et al, 2012;Hyytiäinen et al, 2014) by introducing uncertainty and anticipated learning in the management problem. The paper specifically studies the question whether the approach chosen by HELCOM, based as it is on adaptive but not precautionary management, is justified, and investigates how such "cyclical revision" can be put into practice as the true impact of climate change becomes known.…”