A study of reception with the use of focused ultrasound. II. Effects on the animal receptor structures

Intense Focused Ultrasound Can Reliably Induce Sensations in Human Test Subjects in a Manner Correlated With the Density of Their Mechanoreceptors

“…For all experiments, we used a single pulse of ultrasound with a duration of 100 milliseconds. This choice is also consistent with the pulse length used by other researchers (typically 5–100 ms – reviewed in Gavrilov, 2008) who have successfully used iFU to produce discernable ultrasonic sensations (Dalecki et al, 1995; Gavrilov et al, 1977a,b; Wright et al, 1993, 2002). …”

“…The fundamental frequency for our transducer was 1.117 MHz, within the range of ultrasound frequencies (0.5–3 MHz) used in other studies (Gavrilov et al, 1977a,b; Wright et al, 2002; reviewed in Gavrilov, 2008). For all experiments, we used a single pulse of ultrasound with a duration of 100 milliseconds.…”

“…Several studies demonstrate that sensation induction by iFU arises through iFU’s ability to palpate tissue via the acoustic radiation force (Dalecki et al, 1995; Davies et al, 1996; Gavrilov et al, 1977a,b; Gavrilov, 1984; Gavrilov et al, 1996). The portion of these studies involving human test subjects used generally fewer than six individuals, all of whom aware of the timing of iFU delivery.…”

Intense Focused Ultrasound Preferentially Stimulates Subcutaneous and Focal Neuropathic Tissue: Preliminary Results

“…Intense focused ultrasound (iFU) may form the basis of such an evocative test. Several researchers have shown that sufficiently intense iFU can generate sensations in healthy test subjects when applied to tissue both at depth and superficially , likely through mechanical stimulation, at least for short pulses of iFU . Therefore, as argued by Gavrilov and colleagues, it is plausible that iFU stimulation applied directly to potentially neuropathic tissue would generate diagnostic sensations that differ in quality or intensity to similar stimulation of surrounding tissue.…”

In vitro effects of ultrasound with different energies on the conduction properties of neural tissue

“…In 1961, Young and Henneman found an analogous effect on conduction in mammalian nerve fibers [3,4], and from 1976 to 1996 Gavrilov et al showed that ultrasound could induce activity in neural structures for human and animals [5][6][7][8][9][10]. In 1996, Mihran et al investigated the effect of pulsed ultrasound on neural and cardiac cells in mice and frogs, respectively, and postulated that the mechanical vibration induced by ultrasound can modify cellular excitability [11].…”