A study of reception with the use of focused ultrasound. I. Effects on the skin and deep receptor structures in man

In vitro effects of ultrasound with different energies on the conduction properties of neural tissue

“…In 1961, Young and Henneman found an analogous effect on conduction in mammalian nerve fibers [3,4], and from 1976 to 1996 Gavrilov et al showed that ultrasound could induce activity in neural structures for human and animals [5][6][7][8][9][10]. In 1996, Mihran et al investigated the effect of pulsed ultrasound on neural and cardiac cells in mice and frogs, respectively, and postulated that the mechanical vibration induced by ultrasound can modify cellular excitability [11].…”

SkinHaptics: Ultrasound focused in the hand creates tactile sensations

“…Gavrilov et al investigated this method as a noninvasive tool for diagnosing diseases that affect the nervous system (e.g., the hearing or the skin). They directed ultrasound pulses to the hand using a pre-focused cylindrical transducer (0.48-2.67 megahertz) and short stimuli (1-100 milliseconds) with intensities up to several thousands watts per square centimeter [15]. With increasing intensity the focused beam created first tactile, then temperature, and lastly pain sensations.…”

“…1) Ultrasound parameters for creating tactile sensations: In Gavrilov et al's experiment [15] the intensity needed to cause tactile sensations indicated a relationship between the stimulus location and the ultrasound parameters, which was attributed to the receptor density in the respective areas [10], [14], [27]. The highest intensity was needed at the forearm.…”

UltraHaptics

“…Research originated in the field of biological sciences in the early 1970s where it was used to diagnose neurological and audiological disorders by analysing changes in perceptual thresholds [9]. By stimulating neuroreceptors within the skin, it has been demonstrated that focused ultrasound is capable of inducing tactile, thermal, tickling, itching and pain sensations [13].…”