“…The following studies have also observed positive associations between first birth and specific birth defects: hypospadias (Chen and Woolley, 1971;Akre et al, 1999;Weidner et al, 1999;Carmichael et al, 2003;Aschim et al, 2004;Meyer et al, 2006;Morera et al, 2006;van Rooij et al, 2013), esophageal atresia (Oddsberg et al, 2008), gastroschisis (Vu et al, 2008;Benjamin et al, 2010;Doung et al, 2012), spina bifida (Elwood et al, 1979;Evans, 1979), diaphragmatic hernia (Yang et al, 2006), craniosynostosis (Sanchez-Lara et al, 2010), omphalocele (Agopian et al, 2009), and talipes equinovarus/clubfoot (Alderman et al, 1988;Moorthi et al, 2005).…”