A Study of Seroprevalence and Changing Trend of Dengue in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Manipur

Abstract

BACKGROUND Dengue fever is a seasonal and emerging acute mosquito borne arbo-viral illness affecting tropical and subtropical countries. This illness ranges from mild asymptomatic form to severe dengue haemorrhagic fever with or without dengue shock syndrome. In India, the epidemiology of dengue virus infection is very complex and ever changing. Infection has expanded over the last two decades to all regions of the country including hilly states of the northeastern region (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Manipur). Aim-To identify dengue seropositive patients by NS1 antigen and anti-dengue IgM antibody detection by ELISA and correlate the changes in epidemiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study done from January 2016 to December 2017 with blood samples tested from clinically suspected cases of dengue virus infection.

Spatiotemporal Distribution of Dengue and Chikungunya in the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region: A Systematic Review

“…Most of studies from India [18,24,40,51,56] and Nepal [19,23,29,32,41,43,61,64] show almost consistent seasonality of DEN outbreaks, lasting from June to December. The majority of the studies from India and Nepal reported maximum DEN cases in September, October, and November in the postmonsoon period [18][19][20][23][24][25][27][28][29][39][40][41][42][43]54,61,62]. Our findings concerning a seasonal distribution of DEN in HKH countries are similar to the studies on Brazil [91] and Thailand [92].…”

“…In the HKH region, DENV was first recognized in tea gardens of Northern Assam, India, in 1951 [74]. According to the literature, a large number of states (eight states and two provinces) in the Himalayan and sub-Himalayan region of India have been affected by DEN after 2005 onwards [18,20,21,24,25,27,28,33,36,39,40,42,50,51,54,56,57,60,62,65,71,72,74] The virus circulating in India in the 1950s, causing mild diseases, was replaced or evolved into genotypes with bigger virulence and transmissibility [82]. The movement of the human population from DEN-endemic areas of India to nonendemic areas might have significantly contributed to the outbreak of DEN in new areas and more frequent DEN epidemics after 2005 [57].…”

“…We have calculated the total number of reported and confirmed DEN and CHIK cases from each HKH country, but we have certainly failed to report the true number of DEN and CHIK cases from each HKH country. More than one study was conducted in same period, especially in India [17,18,20,21,[24][25][26][27][28]36,39,40,42,50,51,54,56,57,60] and in Nepal [19,22,23,30,34,37,38,41,43,44,47,49,53,55,58,59,61,64,66,67,69]. This might have duplicated the DEN or CHIK cases in our database.…”

“…DEN was first reported in India in Northern Assam in 1951 [74], in Jammu state in 1974 [72], and in Nagaland in 1994 [71]. No reports were available for the following ten years, but a number of DEN outbreaks from several HKH provinces in India were reported from 2005 to 2017: 2005 in Darjeeling [62]; 2007 and 2008 in Manipur [54,57] and in Assam [60]; 2010 in Uttarakhand and Assam [42,56]; 2011 in Jammu Province [40] and Assam [42]; 2012 in Uttarkhand [36], Jammu Province [40], Assam [42], and Arunachal Pradesh [51]; 2013 from Uttarkhand [18,36,39,50], Jammu province [40], and Assam [42]; 2014 from Uttarakhand [18,39], Assam [20], Arunachal Pradesh [26], Himanchal Pradesh [28], and Jammu province [40]; 2015 in Assam [20], Arunachal Pradesh [21,26], Himanchal Pradesh [28] , and Jammu Province; 2016 from Jorhat, Assam [24], Manipur [25], and Jammu Province [27]; 2017 from Manipur [25]. The average annual temperature of the HKH region is also given.…”

“…[18][19][20][21][23][24][25][27][28][29]32,34,[39][40][41][42][43]45,51,56,58,[61][62][63][64]71,72] DEN cases in India start to occur in July[18,24,40,51,56]. However, DEN cases were reported from the month of June to December from Nepal[47,49,50,59,60,62,63,65].…”