A study of space–time variation of the gravitational constant using high-resolution quasar spectra

A search for a secular variation of the gravitational constant using strong gravitational fields

“…However, a difficult problem should be noted about the detailed knowledge of the physics of unification as it should be difficult to identify a physically motivated prior choice for both and . Based on our previous fitting program, the fit value of the parameters (, , ) was also better than various studies [34][35][36][37][38][39]. By utilizing our present fitting program, we can achieve approximately the fitted value of the -quantity.…”

“…The spectrum of WD star G191-B2B included several interesting absorptions. This WD star is usually sensitive to ∆α/α due to the transition lines of [Fe V] and [Ni V], as we have indicated in the previous works [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. Therefore, the different [Fe V] lines can be applied to search for the spatial or temporal variation of several fundamental constants, such as the finestructure constant, the proton-to-electron mass ratio, and the gravitational constant.…”

“…Therefore, the different [Fe V] lines can be applied to search for the spatial or temporal variation of several fundamental constants, such as the finestructure constant, the proton-to-electron mass ratio, and the gravitational constant. Our study used the same analysis procedure with non-linear least-squares methods [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. Therefore, we need to determine the necessary parameters for each selection of the [Fe V] lines feature, such as column density ( column density ), absorption redshift ( ), Doppler linewidth ( linewidth = 2 ), where is the root-mean-square assuming that the [Fe V] has the same shapes, the same velocities and narrow.…”

“…These values can be determined by astrophysical data, and they could be applied to search for the effect of the fundamental constants-varying. At the phenomenological level, the choice = 273 ± 86 and S = 630 ± 230 [31,32,39]. It should be noted that the variations of and due to the parameters and .…”

Tests For Maximum Force and Maximum Power

“…Because general relativity is equivalent to maximum force, the question leads to additional tests. Dabrowski and Gohar [26] have shown that maximum force does not apply in theories with varying constants G and c. However, even the most recent experiments [60][61][62] show no such effect. Dabrowski and Gohar also argue that, similarly, a running of G with energy would invalidate maximum force.…”