A study on Li‐ion battery and supercapacitor design for hybrid energy storage systems

Abstract

This paper discusses a generic design of lithium‐ion (Li‐ion) batteries and supercapacitors, which are important sources for energy storage systems (ESS). The main contribution of this study is to compare the available and experimental models for batteries and supercapacitors operating under continuous charge or discharge conditions. Even though the available models show similar behavior to the experimental ones in short‐term or pulsed discharge conditions, this situation may be different in continuous discharge conditions. For this purpose, the optimal electrical equivalent circuits of energy storage devices were constituted and modeled in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Then, the electrical equivalent circuit parameters were approximately calculated with the help of dynamic equations. Finally, the model parameters were estimated using Nonlinear Least Squares Method (NLSM) and Trust Region Reflective Algorithm (TRRA). When the obtained results were evaluated together, it has been observed that the electrical equivalent circuit models (EECM) more accurately reveal the transient and steady states of energy storage devices compared to the available models, especially under continuous discharge conditions.

Double adaptive power allocation strategy in electric vehicles with battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system

“…Only the battery and SC can store RB energy among these sources. Due to the low power density of the batteries, they can be charged with the limited current specified by the manufacturer 40 . Therefore, a certain part of the RB energy can be stored in the battery.…”

“…Due to the low power density of the batteries, they can be charged with the limited current specified by the manufacturer. 40 Therefore, a certain part of the RB energy can be stored in the battery. On the other hand, SCs with high power density can be stored higher charging currents than the battery.…”

An overview of frequency‐based power split strategies in electric vehicles with battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system

“…In recent years, electrochemical double-layer capacitors, called ultracapacitors or supercapacitors, have been used frequently in industrial areas where energy is consumed, produced, and stored, such as EVs, solar and wind power plants. 20 Supercapacitors with limited cell voltage (typically 2.7-2.85 V) can be produced up to several thousand farads, unlike conventional capacitors. The reason for the high capacity is that very large surface areas are obtainable by using carbon-based electrodes.…”

Surface Modification with F-Doped Carbon Layer Coating on Natural Graphite Anode for Improving Interface Compatibility and Electrochemical Performance of Lithium-Ion Capacitors

“…3−5 Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) have been recently proposed as a new type of supercapacitors that combines the advantageous features of both electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) and LIBs. 6,7 LICs generally comprise a positive electrode derived from EDLC materials (e.g., activated carbon (AC), 8 carbide-derived carbon, 9 and graphene-based 10 materials) and a negative electrode made of conventional anode materials used in LIBs (e.g., graphite, 11,12 graphene-based material, 13 hard/soft carbon, 11,14 Si, 15 Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , 9,16 SnO 2 , 17 Ti 3 C 2 T x , 18,19 and chalcogenides 20 ) to provide high capacity, wide operating voltage, and increased energy density. 21 The most common LIC configuration involves graphite/AC, 22 The kinetics of the anode side in the LICs, which operates through intercalation−deintercalation mechanism, are typically inferior to those of the cathode side in EDLCs, which function through adsorption−desorption mechanism.…”

“…Over the past few decades, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have undergone considerable advancement and found widespread applications in electronic devices, aerospace, and electric vehicles (EVs) exerting a highly specific the energy density (200–250 Wh kg –1 ) with high working voltage and low self-discharge rates. Despite these achievements, commercial LIBs still suffer from certain limitations, including low power density (<1000 W kg –1 ) and lifespan (<1000 cycles), which require substantial improvements to enhance the efficiency of EVs. , To address these challenges, supercapacitors have emerged as promising candidates, capturing great attention as complementary energy storage options owing to their higher power density (>1000 W kg –1 ) and superior cycle performance (>10,000 cycles) compared to LIBs. − Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) have been recently proposed as a new type of supercapacitors that combines the advantageous features of both electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) and LIBs. , LICs generally comprise a positive electrode derived from EDLC materials (e.g., activated carbon (AC), carbide-derived carbon, and graphene-based materials) and a negative electrode made of conventional anode materials used in LIBs (e.g., graphite, , graphene-based material, hard/soft carbon, , Si, Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , , SnO 2 , Ti 3 C 2 T x , , and chalcogenides) to provide high capacity, wide operating voltage, and increased energy density . The most common LIC configuration involves graphite/AC, wherein the Li ions are charged and discharged, as represented in Scheme .…”