A study on solid waste generation, composition and management in Sulaimania city, Kurdistan region, Iraq

Abstract

Municipal solid waste management became a major challenge due to the population growth, change of lifestyle in Sulaimania city, especially since the urban expansion increased from 2003, and when many villages in the countryside had already became a part of the city. The major part of generating solid waste in Sulaimania disposed in the Tanjaro area (an open dumping area southeast of Sulaimania city) without any treatment or proper landfilling. In this research, the compositions of generating solid waste of Sulaimania city and its properties were determined. Also, in this research, it was found that household waste generation is threatening the environment of Sulaimania city due to the huge amount of the produced leachate of solid waste which flowing into the Tanjaro dumping area and ultimately contaminating groundwater, surface and subsurface soil there. This research covered 12 different subzone areas within 5 major zones across the city a covering nearly 300 house samples. Also collected solid waste samples were categorized into the kitchen, plastic, glass, electronic and some other types of solid wastes. The results showed that the number of houses generating more than 2 kg of solid waste per day is higher than those with less than 1kg generated solid waste. It has also been inferred that the highest composition ratio of household solid waste was kitchen type and reached (63.1%) followed by plastic-type solid waste (10.2%), cardboard (5.4%), cans and other metals (2.8%), Glass waste (2.7%) and E-waste (0.1%), other wastes such as textile, nylon, wood and lethal around (15.7%). Besides that, the results showed that the amount of the waste is seasonally changing, for example, the amount of solid waste from April to October is higher than other months due to increasing human activities for producing solid waste. Furthermore, this study covered a survey of the main medical waste from 25 clinics across Sulaimania city and counted the main waste contributed elements of the medical waste that produced. The variation in the generation rate, varied and excuses for this variation clearly stated. Also, the clinic medical waste generation was also investigated for their constituents and quantity and also the possibility of its segregation and ways to dispose of it. All the clinics private and public ones were investigated and studied for having chimneys and the possibilities of air pollution due to the burning of the medical waste.

Circular Economy of Medical Waste: Novel Intelligent Medical Waste Management Framework Based on Extension Linear Diophantine Fuzzy FDOSM and Neural Network Approach

“…The government of Iraqi should take action rapidly to provide servicing and replacements for hospital incinerators that have been destroyed (Falih et al, 2021;Hama et al, 2021). As a result, the Health Ministry of Iraqi must continue working to promote and enhance the act and understanding of waste management workers in hospitals.…”

Kajian Timbulan, Komposisi dan Nilai Recovery Factor Sampah di TPS 3R Kampung Injeuman, Desa Cibodas

“…Berdasarkan komposisi sampah di Desa, sampah organik memiliki rasio sampah yang paling tinggi dibandingkan dengan jenis sampah lainnya [13] [14]. Pengomposan harus disosialisasikan karena sebagian besar komposisi sampah adalah sampah organik yang dapat terurai secara alami [4].Sampah organik dapat didaur ulang sebagai pakan ternak atau dibuang dengan cepatdibuang ke tempat pembuangan sampah desa, yang tidak memerlukan banyak intervensi publik [15].…”

Domestic Solid Waste Generation Rate Throughout 140 Continuous Days and Dissimilarity Between 2007 and 2021 in Erbil City

“…The researchers concluded that GR and the density for the domestic solid waste samples were 0.574 kg/C/d and 140.3 kg/m 3 , respectively [14]. A study was conducted on solid waste in Sulaimania Province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, by Hama et al [17]. The range of GR for the 300 collected solid waste samples was 1 to 2 kg/C/d [17].…”

“…There have been a number of studies published on the quantity, characteristics, thermal production, composting and recycling of solid waste in Erbil City [2,[4][5][6][7][8][9]. Also, several pieces of research on domestic solid waste generation, MSW properties and management have been published in other provinces in Iraq [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Monney et al [20] studied household solid waste characteristics in Wa, an urban community in Ghana.…”

“…A study was conducted on solid waste in Sulaimania Province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, by Hama et al [17]. The range of GR for the 300 collected solid waste samples was 1 to 2 kg/C/d [17]. Generally, GR and the density of the produced solid wastes are affected by the characteristics of the solid waste, the recycling, the lifestyle, the income of the individual, the rural and urban areas, and the solid waste management [5][6].…”