A study on structure and functions of organs involved in the formation of Mongolian Khuumii sound

Abstract

Khuumii (throat or overtone singing) is a unique form of art derived from the nomadic population of Central Asia, which is a type of singing in which the singer manipulates the resonances (or formants) created as air travels from the lungs, past the vocal folds, and out of the lips to produce a melody. A total of 60 participants, aged 18-60 years (54 men and 6 women), were selected by non-random sampling method using cross-sectional study. X-ray, endoscopy, and sound research method were used in the study, and the composition of blood gas was analysed. X-ray examination determined the state during each different types of Khuumii; Shakhaa and Kharkhiraa. As the basic timbre of Shakhaa Khuumii went up progressively the larynx grew and the compression strength increased, while the basic timbre went down, and the larynx became lower. In the case of Kharkhiraa Khuumii, the larynx position was elevated to a relatively small extent compared to Shakhaa Khuumii and the distance between the sublingual bone and the larynx was large. The sublingual bone trunk lowered during Shakhaa Khuumii, while it was slightly elevated during Kharkhiraa Khuumii. The laryngeal endoscopy evaluated the movement of true and false vocal chords, glottal volume, movements of epiglottis and arytenoid cartilage, and mucosa. Furthermore, the sound frequency is 2-4 times higher than that of normal speech, and sound volume is 0.5-1 times higher. The blood gas composition test showed partial pressure (pO2), and saturation of oxygen (SaO2) decreased after performing Khuumii. In the case of Shakhaa and Kharkhiraa Khuumi, it is appropriate to divide Khuumii into two main types according to structural and functional changes in the organs involved.

Generative-Adversarial-Network-Based Image Reconstruction for the Capacitively Coupled Electrical Impedance Tomography of Stroke

“…The application of electrical impedance tomography in brain imaging, especially in stroke detection [ 17 , 18 ], attracts a lot of interest due to its relatively low cost, absence of side effects, and the possibility of developing wearable solutions [ 19 ]. Poor blood flow to the brain tissues during a stroke may be caused by a lack of blood flow (ischemic stroke) or bleeding (hemorrhagic stroke) [ 20 , 21 , 22 ]. It has been shown that the conductivity of tissues in stroke-affected areas is significantly different from that of healthy tissues and differs in both stroke types [ 18 , 23 , 24 ].…”