Pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and organic dyes form a large group of contaminants contributing to depleting water quality and posing a threat to both flora and fauna. These contaminants are generally released from textile, agricultural, and healthcare industrial processes. There are several techniques that have been developed for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants in water. In this chapter, the significance of photocatalysis using metal oxides and doped metal oxides is discussed. Next, various synthesis routes for advanced materials such as the sol–gel method, hydrothermal method, micro-emulsion method, electrochemical method, and thermal decomposition method are also explained. Furthermore, the chapter highlights the crucial role of modifying advanced materials to improve their effectiveness in removing pollutants. It also discusses techniques involving the addition of metals, non-metals, and polymers to these materials, emphasizing their contribution to enhancing their ability for efficient degradation of organic pollutants. The focal point of this chapter is the use of metal oxides and doped metal oxides to degrade various organic pollutants like pesticides, drugs, and dyes using light. In brief, this chapter emphasizes the importance of photocatalytic materials for the removal of water pollutants to clean our environment.