A submersible probe with in-line calibration and a symmetrical reference element for continuous direct nitrate concentration measurements

Forrest, Tara; Cherubini, Thomas; Jeanneret, Stéphane; Zdrachek, Elena; Damala, Polyxeni; Bakker, Eric

doi:10.1039/d2em00341d

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

2023

DOI: 10.1039/d2em00341d

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A submersible probe with in-line calibration and a symmetrical reference element for continuous direct nitrate concentration measurements

Tara Forrest

Thomas Cherubini

Stéphane Jeanneret

et al.

Abstract: Current methods to monitor nitrate levels in freshwater systems are outdated because they require expensive equipment and manpower. Punctual sampling on the field or at a fixed measuring station is...

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Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Periodic drift correction by one-point calibration with a known concentration solution can achieve reliable sensing during long-term deployment of these sensors. 21 One wonders however if an even simpler approach is possible.…”

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confidence: 99%

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In Situ Drift Monitoring and Calibration of Field-Deployed Potentiometric Sensors Using Temperature Supervision

Saha

Glassmaker

et al. 2023

ACS Sens.

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Potentiometric ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) have broad applications in personalized healthcare, smart agriculture, oil/gas exploration, and environmental monitoring. However, high-precision potentiometric sensing is difficult with fielddeployed sensors due to time-dependent voltage drift and the need for frequent calibration. In the laboratory setting, these issues are resolved by repeated calibration by measuring the voltage response at multiple standard solutions at a constant temperature. For field-deployed sensors, it is difficult to frequently interrupt operation and recalibrate with standard solutions. Moreover, the constant surrounding temperature constraint imposed by the traditional calibration process makes it unsuitable for temperaturevarying field use. To address the challenges of traditional calibration for field-deployed sensors, in this study, we propose a novel in situ calibration approach in which we use natural/external temperature variation in the field to obtain the time-varying calibration parameters, without having to relocate the sensors or use any complex system. We also develop a temperature-supervised monitoring method to detect the drift of the sensor during operation. Collectively, the temperature-based drift monitoring and in situ calibration methods allow us to monitor the drift of sensors and correct them periodically to achieve high-precision sensing. We demonstrate our approach in three testbeds: (1) under controlled temperature variation in the lab, (2) under natural temperature variation in a greenhouse, and (3) in the field to monitor nitrate activity of an agricultural site. In the laboratory study, we validate that the calibration parameters of printed nitrate ISEs can be reproduced by our proposed calibration process; therefore, it can serve as an alternative to traditional calibration processes. In the greenhouse, we show the use of natural temperature variation to calibrate the sensors and detect the drift in a fixed concentration nitrate solution. Finally, we demonstrate the use of the method to monitor the nitrate activity of an agricultural field within 10% of laboratory-based measurements (i.e., a sensitivity of 0.03 mM) for a period of 22 days. The findings highlight the prospect of temperature-based calibration and drift monitoring for high-precision sensing with field-deployed ISEs.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Performance has improved with new technologies, but the necessity of in-field calibration has not been completely eliminated. Periodic drift correction by one-point calibration with a known concentration solution can achieve reliable sensing during long-term deployment of these sensors . One wonders however if an even simpler approach is possible.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Drift Monitoring and Calibration of Field-Deployed Potentiometric Sensors Using Temperature Supervision

Saha

Glassmaker

et al. 2023

ACS Sens.

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Novel autocalibration strategy for disposable potentiometric test strips

Calvo-López,

Garrido-Carretero,

Alonso-Chamarro

et al. 2025

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry

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In situ derivatisation of solid contact poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) transducers for ion-selective electrodes through “click” chemistry

Forrest,

Bakker

2024

Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical

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A submersible probe with in-line calibration and a symmetrical reference element for continuous direct nitrate concentration measurements

Abstract: Current methods to monitor nitrate levels in freshwater systems are outdated because they require expensive equipment and manpower. Punctual sampling on the field or at a fixed measuring station is...

Cited by 4 publications

References 42 publications

In Situ Drift Monitoring and Calibration of Field-Deployed Potentiometric Sensors Using Temperature Supervision

In Situ Drift Monitoring and Calibration of Field-Deployed Potentiometric Sensors Using Temperature Supervision

Novel autocalibration strategy for disposable potentiometric test strips

In situ derivatisation of solid contact poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) transducers for ion-selective electrodes through “click” chemistry

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