A survey of cannabinoids and toxic elements in hemp-derived products from the United States marketplace

Dubrow, Geoffrey A.; Pawar, Rahul S.; Srigley, Cynthia T.; Sam, Jennifer Fong; Talavera, Christian; Parker, Christine H.; Noonan, Gregory O.

doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103800

Cited by 33 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…An ultraviolet (UV) detection is most frequently used for analyzing the high concentrations of cannabinoids present in plant materials [119,120]. The use of HPLC coupled to a flame ionization detector (FID) is limited as acidic cannabinoids (i.e., CBDA and ∆9-THCA) cannot be determined by this method [121]. However, mass spectrometry, particularly tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), is considerably more sensitive than UV detection or FID [39,102,121].…”

Section: Analytical Techniques For Food Cannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabinoids—Characteristics and Potential for Use in Food Production

et al. 2021

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Scientific demonstrations of the beneficial effects of non-psychoactive cannabinoids on the human body have increased the interest in foods containing hemp components. This review systematizes the latest discoveries relating to the characteristics of cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. var. sativa, it also presents a characterization of the mentioned plant. In this review, we present data on the opportunities and limitations of cannabinoids in food production. This article systematizes the data on the legal aspects, mainly the limits of Δ9-THC in food, the most popular analytical techniques (LC-MS and GC-MS) applied to assay cannabinoids in finished products, and the available data on the stability of cannabinoids during heating, storage, and access to light and oxygen. This may constitute a major challenge to their common use in food processing, as well as the potential formation of undesirable degradation products. Hemp-containing foods have great potential to become commercially popular among functional foods, provided that our understanding of cannabinoid stability in different food matrices and cannabinoid interactions with particular food ingredients are expanded. There remains a need for more data on the effects of technological processes and storage on cannabinoid degradation.

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Section: Analytical Techniques For Food Cannabinoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabinoids—Characteristics and Potential for Use in Food Production

et al. 2021

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“…After extraction of cannabis plant material, additional filtrationis performed, using sintered glass disc [ 44 ], sterile cotton plugs [ 9 , 75 , 143 , 144 ], PFTE syringe filters, with 0.22 µm [ 68 , 111 ] or 0.45 µm pore size [ 56 , 94 , 95 , 108 ], millipore filter (0.45 µm) [ 50 , 84 ], nylon filters (0.45 µm) [ 133 ], membrane filter [ 49 ], PVD filter (0.22 µm) [ 113 ] or, alternatively, drying on MgSO 4 and filtration [ 67 , 138 ]. The insoluble plant material can also be removed by vacuum filtration.…”

Section: Analytical Methods For Phytocannabinoid Profilingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The filtered extract is usually dried under nitrogen and dissolved in IS (androst-4-ene-3,17-dione) in EtOH [ 58 , 77 ], or in anhydrous pyridine [ 119 ]. Alternatively, IS can be added directly to the supernatant after filtration [ 44 ] or centrifugation [ 10 , 103 , 106 , 111 ]. As filtration cannot be performed efficiently for cannabis resin extracts due to filter clogging by felt of trichomes and other vegetable debris [ 44 ], centrifugation is only performed.…”

Section: Analytical Methods For Phytocannabinoid Profilingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only one methods use direct injection [ 184 ], bypassing the column. Most of the published methods employ columns with normal phase C 18 stationary phase (Ascentis Express C 18 [ 40 , 178 ], Luna C 18 [ 69 , 177 ], Kinetex C 18 [ 11 , 19 , 71 ], Luna Omega Polar C 18 [ 58 , 114 , 118 , 139 ], Luna Omega PS C 18 [ 27 ], XTerra MS C 18 [ 83 ], Acquity UPLC BEH C 18 [ 181 ], Acquity BEH Shield RP18 [ 144 ], MacMod ACE5 C 18 -AR [ 190 ], ACE 3 C 18 -PFP [ 187 ], ACE Excel 3 C 18 [ 111 ], Poroshell 120 SB-C 18 [ 182 ], Poroshell 120 EC-C 18 [ 188 , 189 ] or 120 SB-C 18 [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 38 ], Shim-pack XR-ODSII RP C 18 [ 149 ], Nucleodur ® C 18 Gravity [ 185 ], Zorbax Eclipse Plus C 18 [ 92 , 183 ], Zorbax Eclipse XDBC 18 [ 186 ], Zorbax SB-C 18 [ 133 ], Atlantis T3 C 18 [ 42 ], with [ 11 , 19 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 38 , 83 , …”

Section: Analytical Methods For Phytocannabinoid Profilingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For wide range methods, such as cannabis-based medical extracts [ 182 ], cannabis-infused cholcolate [ 65 ] and 17 phytocannabinoids in cannabis inflorescences and oils [ 100 ], 228 nm has been shown to be the most suitable. Multiple detection wavelengths, e.g., 220 nm, 240 nm, 270 nm and 307 nm are also used for phytocannabinoids profiling [ 111 , 190 ]. Evaluation of these detection wavelengths for five phytocannabinoids (CBD, CBDA, CBN, Δ 9 -THC and Δ 9 -THCA) in versatile cannabis-based products was performed.…”

Section: Analytical Methods For Phytocannabinoid Profilingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analytical Techniques for Phytocannabinoid Profiling of Cannabis and Cannabis-Based Products—A Comprehensive Review

et al. 2022

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Cannabis is gaining increasing attention due to the high pharmacological potential and updated legislation authorizing multiple uses. The development of time- and cost-efficient analytical methods is of crucial importance for phytocannabinoid profiling. This review aims to capture the versatility of analytical methods for phytocannabinoid profiling of cannabis and cannabis-based products in the past four decades (1980–2021). The thorough overview of more than 220 scientific papers reporting different analytical techniques for phytocannabinoid profiling points out their respective advantages and drawbacks in terms of their complexity, duration, selectivity, sensitivity and robustness for their specific application, along with the most widely used sample preparation strategies. In particular, chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, are presented and discussed. Acquired knowledge of phytocannabinoid profile became extremely relevant and further enhanced chemotaxonomic classification, cultivation set-ups examination, association of medical and adverse health effects with potency and/or interplay of certain phytocannabinoids and other active constituents, quality control (QC), and stability studies, as well as development and harmonization of global quality standards. Further improvement in phytocannabinoid profiling should be focused on untargeted analysis using orthogonal analytical methods, which, joined with cheminformatics approaches for compound identification and MSLs, would lead to the identification of a multitude of new phytocannabinoids.

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Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation of cannabinoids in human plasma and tissues

Liu

Sprando

2022

J of Applied Toxicology

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There has been an increased public interest in developing consumer products containing nonintoxicating cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG). At the present time, there is limited information available on the pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids in humans. Since pharmacokinetic profiles are important in understanding the pharmacological and toxicological effects at the target sites, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling was used to predict the plasma and tissue concentrations of 17 cannabinoids in humans. PBPK models were established using measured (in vitro) and predicted (in silico) physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, such as water solubility and effective human jejunal permeability. Initially, PBPK models were established for CBD and the model performance was evaluated using reported clinical data after intravenous and oral administration. PBPK models were then developed for 16 additional cannabinoids including CBG, and the plasma and tissue concentrations were predicted after 30 mg oral administration. The pharmacokinetic profiles of the 16 cannabinoids were similar to CBD, and the plasma concentration and time profiles of CBD agreed well with clinical data in the literature. Although low exposure was predicted in the plasma (maximum plasma concentrations < 15 nM), the predicted tissue concentrations, especially the liver (maximum liver concentrations 70-183 nM), were higher after oral administration of 30 mg cannabinoids. These predicted plasma and tissue concentrations could be used to guide further in vitro and in vivo testing.

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A survey of cannabinoids and toxic elements in hemp-derived products from the United States marketplace

Cited by 33 publications

References 33 publications

Cannabinoids—Characteristics and Potential for Use in Food Production

Cannabinoids—Characteristics and Potential for Use in Food Production

Analytical Techniques for Phytocannabinoid Profiling of Cannabis and Cannabis-Based Products—A Comprehensive Review

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation of cannabinoids in human plasma and tissues

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