A Survey of Interactive Systems based on Brain-Computer Interfaces

Abstract

Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) enables users to interact with a computer only through their brain biological signals, without the need to use muscles. BCI is an emerging research area but it is still relatively immature. However, it is important to reflect on the different aspects of the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) area related to BCIs, considering that BCIs will be part of interactive systems in the near future. BCIs most attend not only to handicapped users, but also healthy ones, improving interaction for end-users. Virtual Reality (VR) is also an important part of interactive systems, and combined with BCI could greatly enhance user interactions, improving the user experience by using brain signals as input with immersive environments as output. This paper addresses only noninvasive BCIs, since this kind of capture is the only one to not present risk to human health. As contributions of this work we highlight the survey of interactive systems based on BCIs focusing on HCI and VR applications, and a discussion on challenges and future of this subject matter.

The Use of Brain–Computer Interfaces in Games Is Not Ready for the General Public

“…This opinion is rather qualified in the scientific community, which reported that BCIs suffer from (1) a low transfer rate, (2) a lack of market-ready, affordable, and user-friendly research-grade EEG acquisition devices, and (3) a gap between the game design and graphics of video games available on the market vs. in laboratories. Priorities of these limitations for video game development are discussed in the literature (Nijholt et al, 2009;Ferreira et al, 2013;Marshall et al, 2013;van de Laar et al, 2013;Ahn et al, 2014;Cattan et al, 2018b;Kerous et al, 2018;Vasiljevic and Miranda, 2019;Pierce et al, 2020), and in general preponderance of quantitative over qualitative aspects is criticized (Nijholt et al, 2009;Vasiljevic and Miranda, 2019). This article supports the claim that BCIs are not ready for general public use, based on other aspects than performance.…”

Noninvasive Electroencephalography Equipment for Assistive, Adaptive, and Rehabilitative Brain–Computer Interfaces: A Systematic Literature Review

“…The wired model is a standard system, whereas the wireless model is an evolving solution. Many companies have designed portable headsets to provide greater comfort at a low cost [ 272 ].…”

“…The wired model is a standard system, whereas the wireless model is an evolving solution. Many companies have designed portable headsets to provide greater comfort at a low cost [272]. Table 2 summarizes the companies and their equipment, which were used in specific research areas.…”

Aprendizado Incremental Online para Classificação Fuzzy de Emoções em Jogos a partir de Fluxos de Dados EEG

“…As aplicações tradicionais de BCIs se concentram em solucões que promovam a interação entre humanos e máquinas através de sinais cerebrais (Ferreira et al, 2013), e.g., controle de dispositivos mecânicos, como uma cadeira de rodas, mas sem a necessidade de força manual. As aplicações são diferenciadas de acordo com aspectos como: (i) dispositivo empregado (invasivo/não-invasivo); (ii) estímulo do sinal (exógeno/endógeno); (iii) forma de processamento (síncrona/assíncrona); e (iv) objetivo (ativo, passivo ou reativo) (Vasiljevic and Miranda, 2020).…”