A Survey of Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems: Standards, Algorithms, Applications, Security, Challenges, and Future Directions

Abstract

The smart city vision has driven the rapid development and advancement of interconnected technologies using the Internet of Things (IoT) and cyber-physical systems (CPS). In this paper, various aspects of IoT and CPS in recent years (from 2013 to May 2023) are surveyed. It first begins with industry standards which ensure cost-effective solutions and interoperability. With ever-growing big data, tremendous undiscovered knowledge can be mined to be transformed into useful applications. Machine learning algorithms are taking the lead to achieve various target applications with formulations such as classification, clustering, regression, prediction, and anomaly detection. Notably, attention has shifted from traditional machine learning algorithms to advanced algorithms, including deep learning, transfer learning, and data generation algorithms, to provide more accurate models. In recent years, there has been an increasing need for advanced security techniques and defense strategies to detect and prevent the IoT and CPS from being attacked. Research challenges and future directions are summarized. We hope that more researchers can conduct more studies on the IoT and on CPS.

Critical View of Business Architecture: Current and Future State

“…I4.0 is the fourth industrial revolution or technological revolution that integrates different technologies, such as big data, industrial automation (robotics), simulations, integration systems, cyber-physical systems, internet of things, cyber security, computing in the cloud, additive manufacturing, and augmented reality, for the continuous improvement of the industry. I4.0 combines information and communication technologies with digital manufacturing and production processes [10][11][12]. Industry 4.0 enables the integration of physical assets into interdependent physical and digital processes, creating smart factories and manufacturing environments [13].…”

Interoperability-Enhanced Knowledge Management in Law Enforcement: An Integrated Data-Driven Forensic Ontological Approach to Crime Scene Analysis

“…At its core, ontology is a structured framework that defines the relationships between various entities and concepts within a particular domain. For example, in a forensic context, ontology could define the relationships between a suspect, a crime scene, and different types of evidence, such as DNA samples or digital data [36,51,52]. This structured approach facilitates more than just data storage; it allows for effective data retrieval and the ability to draw meaningful conclusions from complex, interconnected information [51][52][53][54][55][56].…”

“…For example, in a forensic context, ontology could define the relationships between a suspect, a crime scene, and different types of evidence, such as DNA samples or digital data [36,51,52]. This structured approach facilitates more than just data storage; it allows for effective data retrieval and the ability to draw meaningful conclusions from complex, interconnected information [51][52][53][54][55][56]. The utility of ontology extends to creating semantic networks, which allow for the representation of complex relationships that are machine-readable and intuitively understandable for human operators [57].…”

“…Designing an ontological framework that is comprehensive and flexible enough to adapt to the evolving nature of criminal activities requires a deep understanding of the domain and expertise in ontology design principles. Furthermore, the effectiveness of an ontology-based system is highly dependent on the quality and completeness of the data it contains [51,52]. Incomplete or inaccurate data can lead to misleading or false conclusions, and therefore, the data input process must be rigorously controlled and validated.…”

A Novel IoT-Based Performance Testing Method and System for Fire Pumps

“…Recently, smart firefighting systems have been proposed and developed due to their capability of enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of firefighting operations. Reinforced by the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies [2,3], smart firefighting systems are able to perform intelligent and automated fire detection and suppression. IoT-based smart devices, such as smoke detectors, heat sensors, water sprinklers, etc., as well as advanced technologies such as wireless networking, smart sensors, machine learning and automation, are applied to provide intelligent monitoring, early detection and a rapid response to fire incidents.…”