A Survey of Knowledge and Attitude of Menopause Among Post-Menopausal Women in Pakistan

Abstract

A731Objectives: Menopause is a nettlesome phase of women life. A prior knowledge of menopausal changes will not only help women to cope up with this change but it will also increase their quality of life. Current study aims to analyze knowledge and attitudes of postmenopausal women towards menopause. MethOds: A crosssectional survey was conducted from November, 2011 to September, 2012 among representative sample of women aged 45-60 years belonging to three major cities of Punjab, Pakistan. A team of five trained researchers distributed questionnaire to participants via convenience sampling after obtaining consent. Total of 1000 participants were approached (200 via each researcher). 783 completed the questionnaire making response rate of study as 78%. Results: 78% and 22% respondents have natural menopause and surgically induced menopause respectively. The mean knowledge and attitude score of participants was 45.13 ± 9.23 and 52.32 ± 11.21 respectively. 48% of the participants had poor, 35% had moderate and 17 % had good knowledge regarding awareness, sign and symptoms and causes of menopause. Majority (69.12 %) of participants had positive attitude towards menopause except use of HRT therapy. 51.7 % patients had good socioeconomic status and had good knowledge compared to 49.3 % of participants with poor socioeconomic status (p= 0.031). A higher education level (p= 0.041), good socio-economic status (p= 0.012), and surgically induced menopause (0.032) were the demographic factors that showed statistically significant association with higher knowledge and positive attitude towards menopause. cOnclusiOns: The knowledge of menopausal women regarding signs, symptoms, causes and treatments of menopause was poor in two cities (Faisalabad, Lahore) as compared to Islamabad. It might be due to good socioeconomic status and higher education level of participants residing in Islamabad . Health care professionals and authorities should take initiatives to aware menopausal women regarding menopause so that they can cope up better with this phase of life.Objectives: In observational studies, subjects are assigned to treatment groups without the benefits of randomization, resulting in potential bias in the estimation of the treatment effect. We assess the performance of 5 different statistical methods used for bias correction and causal inference under different conditions -multivariate regression (MR), propensity score matching (PSM), propensity score stratification (PSST), doubly robust estimation (DR) and inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW). MethOds: We simulated the outcomes of two hypothetical treatments having three continuous covariates that are correlated with the treatments and with each other. We varied the sample size, noise levels, and tested the methods under conditions of model misspecification. To evaluate performance of the methods, we used two measures: correct identification of a statistically significant treatment effect (p < 0.05) and the root-mean-squared error for the treatment effect. Results:...

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