“…This proactive approach outperforms the static modeling approach in terms of adaptability and flexibility, but it may incur high computational overheads, affecting overall system performance. In addition to demand prediction, machine learning techniques can also be applied to schedule virtual resources and workloads (Demirci, ). Specifically, reinforcement learning, with its capabilities in making sequential decisions under uncertainty, has been applied successfully in cloud resource allocation and scaling (Barrett et al, ; Xu, Rao, & Bu, ; Jamshidi, Sharifloo, Pahl, Metzger, & Estrada, ).…”