A survey of methods of coal hydrogenation for the production of liquids

Surface-Modified Coals for Enhanced Catalyst Dispersion and Liquefaction

“…1 containing the sulfides of molybdenum, cobalt, nickel, iron, or tin have been particularly studied [2,4,10]. Although important principles have been established, there is general agreement that new catalyst formulations and impregnation techniques are required to achieve high activities under low-severity conditions that will make coal liquefaction economically attractive.…”

“…In addition to this, his research group also conducted successful searches for catalysts, which were useful in each phase of the hydrogenation process. Bergius' main focus was attempting to develop a hydrogenation technique, which did not involve catalysts 10 .…”

“…Today, coal may be liquefied at 150-200 atm and 300 o C-480 o C depending upon the process. Improvements were made through the discovery of more efficient catalysts [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18], donor solvents, and improved reactor configurations.…”

“…Since the development of catalytic coal liquefaction was initiated in 1924 [2], a wide variety of supported and unsupported catalysts have been applied [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Excellent review articles on the subject are available [2,4,[9][10][11].…”

“…Excellent review articles on the subject are available [2,4,[9][10][11]. The catalysts consist of metal…”