A Survey of Naturally-Occurring Steroid Hormones in Raw Milk and the Associated Health Risks in Tangshan City, Hebei Province, China

Abstract

In recent years, high levels of hormone residue in food, capable of damaging the health of consumers, have been recorded frequently. In this study, 195 raw milk samples were obtained from Tangshan City, China, and the concentrations of 22 steroid hormones were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Cortisol was detected in 12.5% of raw milk samples (mean 0.61 µg/kg; range: <limit of quantification (LOQ)–0.94 µg/kg). Progesterone was detected in 85.9% of raw milk samples (mean 5.12 µg/kg; range: <LOQ–9.04 µg/kg). The concentration of cortisol present in milk was lower than the maximum residue limit defined in Japan (10 µg/kg). Children aged between one and five years were expected to be the at-risk population when exposed to detectable steroid hormone concentrations. Based on the mean and maximum concentrations of progesterone detected in milk, the contribution was 0.85% and 0.9%, and 1.48% and 1.6% of the acceptable daily intake for boys and girls, respectively. These results imply that the concentrations of steroid hormones present in raw milk should not present a health risk for young children.

Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection method for estrogen determination: Application to residual analysis in meat products

“…In a study conducted on colostrum powder, E1 was found in the fat fraction, 7.59 µg/L, while in defatted milk and colostrum powder, E1 (5.51-15.0 µg/kg) and E2 (2.28-3.3 µg/kg) were detected with the total absence of E3 in different types of milk and colostrum powders [13]. In China, the absence of E1, E2, and E3 in all the analyzed milk samples was reported [15,18], while the estrogen concentration range of 0.05-3.2 µg/kg was found in milk samples that were analyzed in a different study [17]. For dairy products, estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, and 17αethynylestradiol were absent in all the analyzed samples [16].…”

“…Different analytical techniques have been applied for the determination of steroid hormones in biological samples/edible tissues. They include immunoassay [10], gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detector (GC-MS) [11,12], and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detector (LC-MS) [13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Despite that immunoassay is widely used for measuring steroid hormones in biological matrices, an occasional lack of specificity is still a major drawback.…”

“…Residual determination of estrogens in different food stuffs has been performed in many countries, namely, China [14,15,17,[19][20][21][22][23]26], Spain [15], Iran [25], and Egypt [24].…”

Xác định đồng thời một số hormon steroid trong sữa và các sản phẩm từ sữa bằng kỹ thuật LC-MS/MS

“…Compared to the above methods, the LC-MS/MS method has many outstanding advantages like simple sample preparation procedure, short analysis time, and, most importantly, the capacity of simultaneous analysis a large number of substances with high specificity, sensitivity and accuracy. Many publications have described the LC-MS/MS methods to simultaneously identify steroid hormones in milk and dairy product matrices [3][4][5]. Barreir et al determined six natural sex hormones (pregnenolone, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, estrone, testosterone, and androstenedione) in infant formula [3].…”

In-situ Polymerization of N-(3-aminobenzyl)-N, N-dimethyl-N-dodecyl Ammonium Bromide on Glassy Carbon Electrode for Estradiol Detection

“…The hormone estradiol, also known as 17β-estradiol, is a naturally occurring estrogen with high biological activity and is secreted mainly by female ovaries or male testes. Estradiol plays a vital role in many physiological processes [1]. Estradiol is an indicator of human sexual maturity.…”