A survey of ocular ultrasound abnormalities in horse: 145 cases

Gialletti, Rodolfo; Marchegiani, Andrea; Valeriani, T.; Nannarone, Sara; Beccati, Francesca; Fruganti, Alessandro; Laus, Fulvio

doi:10.1007/s40477-018-0284-7

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The ultrasound is a diagnostic tool by which the critical data of intervention, follow-up monitoring, and prognosis can be obtained, particularly when other routine ophthalmologic investigations are not sufficient. Furthermore, it can be used in an unanesthetized animal for examination of the intraocular and retrobulbar structures [ 22 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In horses, ultrasound has been used for diagnosis and characterization of various intraocular diseases (e.g., lens displacement, cataract, floaters, etc.) [ 2 , 21 , 22 ]. For this reason, the current study was performed to show the normal macromorphological and ultrasonographic appearance of the eye and LG, as well as normal dacryocystorhinography of the donkey ( Equus asinus ) in Egypt.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrasound, Dacryocystorhinography and Morphological Examination of Normal Eye and Lacrimal Apparatus of the Donkey (Equus asinus)

Abdelbaset‐Ismail

Aref

Ezzeldein

et al. 2022

Animals

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The study investigated normal macromorphological and ultrasonographic features of the eye and lacrimal gland, as well as normal dacryocystorhinography of the donkey (Equus asinus) in Egypt. A total of 36 donkeys of different ages, weights, and sexes were included in the study: 21 live animals for ultrasonography and dacryocystorhinography, and 15 cadaver skulls for morphological anatomy of the lacrimal apparatus. The ultrasound biometric values of the eye were 33.7 ± 1.7 mm for axial globe length (AGL), 39.8 ± 2.1 mm for globe diameter (GD), 10.8 ± 0.7 mm for lens thickness (LT), 3.2 ± 0.7 mm for anterior chamber depth (ACD), and 19.3 ± 1.6 mm for vitreous chamber depth (VCD). The lacrimal gland was recognized as a hypoechogenic structure with an anechoic core, located at the dorsolateral aspect of the orbit, and ovoid in shape. The mean NLD length was 193.0 ± 9.8 mm by radiography and 206.0 ± 20.4 mm by gross assessment. One NL orifice (NLO) was noticed on each side, with a diameter of 3.0 ± 0.1 mm and located 12.1 ± 2.1 mm from the dorsal commissure of the nostril. These results may act as the baseline for proper management of conditions of the eye and lacrimal apparatus in the donkey in the future.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound, Dacryocystorhinography and Morphological Examination of Normal Eye and Lacrimal Apparatus of the Donkey (Equus asinus)

Abdelbaset‐Ismail

Aref

Ezzeldein

et al. 2022

Animals

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“…Traditional radiography is an inadequate technique for imaging the eye globe soft tissues due to its unclear resolution as well as superimposition of the bony structures (Solano and Brawer 2004). Ultrasonography remains a rapid and feasible technique that is widely used for diagnosis of the ocular structures (Hallowell and Bowen 2007;Aironi and Gandage 2009;Laus et al 2014;Gialletti et al 2018;Athar et al 2021). However, using of ultrasonography for orbital imaging is limited due to its inefficiency to visualize the orbital bony rim, the orbital apex and the intracranial extension of several ocular pathologies (Mafee 2003;Hande and Talwar 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Eye and the Optic Nerve in the Egyptian Donkey (Equus asinus)

2022

Int J Vet Sci

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The eye is a high sense organ which is susceptible to many infectious and traumatic diseases. Using an accurate diagnostic imaging technique became essential for early detection and control of these diseases. The current investigation is proposed to fully describe the normal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance of the eye, extraocular structures and the optic nerve in the donkey with the aid of the anatomical sections. Eight fresh cadaveric heads of adult donkeys of both sexes were used; two were scanned using an MRI scanner of 1.5 Tesla magnet, and six were frozen to be sectioned into transverse (n=3) and frontal (n=3) sections. The accessed MR images were serially selected in matching to their corresponding gross sections. These MR images provided a comprehensive assessment of the eyeball structures (choroid, ciliary body, iris, cornea, sclera, anterior and posterior chambers, and vitreous body), the ocular adnexa (upper, lower and third eyelids, lacrimal gland, tarsal gland, superficial gland of the third eyelid, extraocular muscles and orbital fat), the various parts of the optic nerve (intraocular, intraorbital, intracanalicular, intracranial) and its surrounding meningeal sheath complex. However, it was difficult to outline the retina. The current investigation administrated a precise anatomical atlas of the eye, periorbital structures and optic nerve in the donkey assisting in the interpretation and diagnosis of both ocular diseases and optic neuropathy.

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“…On ultrasonographic examination, the cysts appear as a rounded structure with hyperechoic lining surrounding an anechoic centre most commonly bulging into the anterior eye chamber 10,17,18 . Ultrasonography aids in differentiating between fluid filled cysts and solid masses 9–11,14,19,20 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noninvasive diode laser–an effective and safe treatment of iris cysts in 46 eyes of 35 horses

Stas

Hermans

Slenter

et al. 2022

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Background: Iris cysts in horses are often asymptomatic and noticed incidentally.However, cysts can cause local corneal oedema and erratic behaviour like shying, decreased performance and head-shaking.Objectives: To describe the use of diode laser as a noninvasive treatment option for iris cysts in the horse and to document factors influencing its efficacy, associated complications, long-term outcome and rate of recurrence. Study design: Retrospective case series. Methods: Case records of horses treated for iris cysts by diode laser at the Utrecht University Equine Clinic were reviewed between 2008 and 2020. Diagnosis was based on ophthalmic and ultrasonographic evaluation. Long-term follow-up was obtained in two phases, a telephone survey with the owner and a photographic reevaluation of the treated eyes.Results: Thirty-five horses were included, with a total of 46 eyes treated. One day after diode laser treatment (short-term), 35/46 treated eyes had a good decrease in cyst size, 7/46 had a moderate effect, 1/46 had a minimal effect, 1/46 had no effect, and in two cases the effect was unspecified. The decrease in size after diode laser treatment in polycystic eyes (odds ratio [OR] 0.381, 95% CI 0.1530-0.724), p = 0.001), thick-walled cysts (OR = 0.139; CI = 0.023-0.726, p = 0.02) and hyperplastic corpora nigra (OR = 0.081; CI = 0.004-0.528, p = 0.03) was significantly less satisfactory, with ORs of 0.381, 0.139 and 0.081, respectively. Minor complications, such as mild reactive uveitis, were reported in 8/46 (17%) eyes. On long-term follow-up (median 19 months; IQR 25.5), clinical signs had diminished or disappeared in most cases (93%) and 83% of the owners would recommend the treatment. Based on long-term photographic re-evaluation (median 32.5 months; IQR 49.75), 2/16 cases of recurrence were seen.Main limitations: Retrospective design, follow-up by telephone questionnaire and photographic re-evaluation. Loss to follow-up in the photographic re-evaluation.Conclusions: Both short-and long-term results indicate diode laser treatment is a useful and safe option for iris cyst size reduction, with a low risk of recurrence.

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A survey of ocular ultrasound abnormalities in horse: 145 cases

Cited by 14 publications

References 22 publications

Ultrasound, Dacryocystorhinography and Morphological Examination of Normal Eye and Lacrimal Apparatus of the Donkey (Equus asinus)

Ultrasound, Dacryocystorhinography and Morphological Examination of Normal Eye and Lacrimal Apparatus of the Donkey (Equus asinus)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Eye and the Optic Nerve in the Egyptian Donkey (Equus asinus)

Noninvasive diode laser–an effective and safe treatment of iris cysts in 46 eyes of 35 horses

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