A Survey of Recent Advances in Poultry Physiology

Morphological Investigation of the Brain of the African Ostrich (Struthio camelus)

“…Some experiments show that injuring the cerebellum will severely impact the accuracy of voluntary movement and cause dyskinesia, including the change of muscular tension, disequilibrium, hypomotility or involuntary movement, and so on (Ruan & Shou). After resecting the cerebellum, the muscles of the cervical area and legs cramp, and the head shakes and twitches irregularly (Sturkie, 1982). African ostriches come from wild deserts with harsh climates and sparse food.…”

Cardiovascular Pharmacology of the Domestic Fowl

“…The sex divergence in arterial pressures is presumably due primarily to a rise in male pressure, the female level remaining comparatively stable. The incidence of arteriosclerosis in the chicken is known to be very high (22,42,87,88) but the relation of this finding to the increase in pressure with age has not yet been determined. It has however been demonstrated that adult mortality among chickens is inversely related to the level of arterial pressure ; mortality in hypotensive chickens being nearly twice that of other groups (93).…”

“…It has however been demonstrated that adult mortality among chickens is inversely related to the level of arterial pressure ; mortality in hypotensive chickens being nearly twice that of other groups (93). Further more, it has been shown that the tendency towards a high or a low blood pressure in chickens is a hereditary characteristic to the extent of 25% (88) and by proper breeding procedures, high and low blood pressure strains of chickens can be propagated (96). A more recent report indicates that the difference in mortality of hypertensive and hypo tensive chickens under natural living conditions, is influenced by the severity of certain physical stresses and the degree of exposure to diseases.…”

“…Although direct determinations of blood pressure have been made on unanesthetized chickens (7,48,50,64,(85)(86)(87)(88)(89)(90)(91)(92)(93)(94)(95)(96)(102)(103)(104), to study drug effects, it would be preferable to use anesthetized animals if only to ensure immobility and constancy of drug responses. The more common anesthetic agents which have been employed to induce general anesthesia in acute chicken experiments are sodium phenobarbital (9-15, 19, 35, 36, 41, 51, 61, 79, 80, 82, 97), sodium barbital (62), sodium amobarbital (27), sodium pentobarbital (2,25,34,41,55,66,69,100), urethane (19, 30-32, 38, 39, 73-75), morphine (104), chloral hydrate (41,49,72), chloralose (105) and ether (1, 28, 29, 38, 39, 43-45, 52, 63, 78, 104).…”