A Survey on Current-Mode Interfaces for Bio Signals and Sensors

Abstract

In this study, a review of second-generation voltage conveyor (VCII) and current conveyor (CCII) circuits for the conditioning of bio signals and sensors is presented. The CCII is the most known current-mode active block, able to overcome some of the limitations of the classical operational amplifier, which provides an output current instead of a voltage. The VCII is nothing more than the dual of the CCII, and for this reason it enjoys almost all the properties of the CCII but also provides an easy-to-read voltage as an output signal. A broad set of solutions for relevant sensors and biosensors employed in biomedical applications is considered. This ranges from the widespread resistive and capacitive electrochemical biosensors now used in glucose and cholesterol meters and in oximetry to more specific sensors such as ISFETs, SiPMs, and ultrasonic sensors, which are finding increasing applications. This paper also discusses the main benefits of this current-mode approach over the classical voltage-mode approach in the realization of readout circuits that can be used as electronic interfaces for different types of biosensors, including higher circuit simplicity, better low-noise and/or high-speed performance, and lower signal distortion and power consumption.

Displacement Measurement Method Based on Double-Arrowhead Auxetic Tubular Structure

“…These sensors function as instruments utilized to measure the displacement or position of an object in relation to a reference point. These sensors operate based on various principles, encompassing resistive sensors [1][2][3], capacitive sensors [3], eddy current sensors [4][5][6], and optical fiber sensors [7][8][9][10]. Each sensor type possesses unique advantages and limitations, necessitating the consideration of factors such as desired accuracy, range, environmental conditions, and application-specific requirements when selecting an appropriate sensor.…”