A survey on policies, modelling and security of cyber‐physical systems in smart grids

Abstract

A more reliable, efficient, and resilient smart grid depends on the applications of advanced information and communication technologies to support new functions and controls. The critical infrastructure of a smart grid consists of some major components such as monitoring, controls, communication protocol and software. The cyber-physical system (CPS), which integrates these components, is an important enabler for the expected transition of the energy system driven by decarbonization, digitalization and decentralization. This paper provides an overview of the policy drivers and barriers for the implementation of CPS in power systems. With the vast deployment of distributed energy resources (DERs), there is increasing demand to model the hardware, software and their interactions in the smart grid environment. This paper reviews the modelling and applications of intelligent CPS for decentralized energy systems. The integration of DERs and the supportive infrastructure make modern power systems more vulnerable and less reliable to external threats such as terrorist intrusion. There are growing concerns over the risk of cyber-attacks in mart grids. This paper surveys the latest progress on critical infrastructure identification and protection, as well as risk assessment and mitigation methods for cyber-attacks. Finally, some advanced issues in cyber-physical energy systems are addressed.

Reliability Assessment of Power Systems in High-Load Areas with High Proportion of Gas-Fired Units Considering Natural Gas Loss

“…The proactive promotion of low-carbon energy transformation policies will reduce the use of heavily polluting energy sources such as coal to a certain extent and increase the proportion of natural gas, leading to further increases in the natural gas supply and demand. However, changes in the international situation [21], such as the Ukrainian crisis, have greatly altered the natural gas trade pattern. The reduction in the natural gas supply by Russia has caused a tight supply situation, leading to a sharp increase in gas prices in Europe.…”

Digital twin‐based online tools for electric power communication system training: Online digital twin power communication system

“…A cosimulation platform for integrated real‐time power system emulation and wide area communication is designed in [13]. Training system has been mentioned in [11, 19].…”

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State vulnerability assessment against false data injection attacks in AC state estimators

“…Based on recent studies, the power grid, a critical cyber-physical infrastructure, is also susceptible to cyberattacks, which may be detrimental to modern societies [1,2]. The security features of most smart grids are minimal to nonexistent, which necessitates ensuring the security of smart grids against cyberattacks [3].…”