A Sustainable Transport Competitiveness Analysis of the China Railway Express in the Context of the Belt and Road Initiative

Li, Shiqi; Lang, Maoxiang; Yu, Xiaojing; Zhang, Mingyue; Minghe, Jiang; Tsai, Sang‐Bing; Wang, Cheng-Kuang; Bian, Fang

doi:10.3390/su11102896

Cited by 42 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The results showed that government subsidy for CR Express operators contributed to decreasing 60% of CR Express freight cost. Li et al [3] studied the competitiveness of the CR Express and pointed out that CR Express relied on a great deal of subsidies from local government and the market share of CR Express would be affected with a reduction Sustainability 2020, 12, 2083 5 of 16 in subsidies, which would have a negative impact on the sustainable development of CR Express. Wang et al [4] analyzed the current situation that most CR Express routes would find it difficult to remain operational without subsidy from the local government and proposed a "hub-and-spoke" organizational model of CR Express to generate scale economies and reduce costs.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Collected from the references [1], the relevant information of the three modes of transportation is shown in Table 2. We collected the data of container number transported by CR Express (Wuhan-Alataw Pass-Hamburg) in the last 4 years from Wuhan Asia-Europe Logistics (www.wae-logistics.com) and operating cost from references [1,3], as shown in Table 3. To determine the value of parameters, we assume that the operational effort level (parameter a) increased slowly from 0.4 to 0.55 with the development of CR Express in the last four years.…”

Section: Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CHINA RAILWAY and foreign railway transportation enterprises are the actual carriers of the domestic part and foreign part of railway transportation, respectively. The main problems in the operation of CR Express include high transportation cost [1], low market competitiveness [3] and lack of goods (especially backhaul goods) [4]. Some CR Express trains carry goods from China to European countries, but return to China empty or with little cargo on board [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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China Railway Express Subsidy Model Based on Game Theory under “the Belt and Road” Initiative

et al. 2020

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China Railway Express (CR Express) is an emerging freight transport mode between China and Europe, which provides a new option in addition to air transport and ocean shipping. At the initial stage of development, due to the higher freight costs compared to ocean shipping, the government subsidy provided for the China Railway Express operator plays an important role in the process of market cultivation. The original intention of the government subsidy was to promote the rapid and sustainable development of China Railway Express and the further subsidy scheme should encourage China Railway Express operators to act towards the expected goal of the local government. This research is devoted to modeling and solving the problem of optimal subsidy amount in the operation of China Railway Express. Firstly, a subsidy model is established with the consideration of different objectives of local government and China Railway Express operator, which are affected by the operational effort level of the China Railway Express operator, actual freight rate and the highest freight rate that the shipper is willing to pay. Then, the validity of the proposed model is analyzed in the case study of the China Railway Express line (Wuhan-Hamburg). The effects of different subsidy amounts on the social benefits of local government and profits of the China Railway Express operator are analyzed and the sensitivity analysis is carried on the operational effort level of China Railway Express operator and the highest freight rate that shipper is willing to pay. The analysis results show that the optimal subsidy amount is between 2000 and 2500 USD per Forty-Foot Equivalent Unit (FEU). Finally, suggestions are proposed according to the analysis results. These findings can provide useful references for promoting the sustainable development of China Railway Express.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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China Railway Express Subsidy Model Based on Game Theory under “the Belt and Road” Initiative

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“…Among them, base price 1 is about 98$/FEU, base price 2 is about 0.4$/FEU·km. (Data from national policy documents).Considering CR Express reaches European countries through Moscow of Russia, we take "Xi'an (or Zhengzhou)-Alashankou-Moscow" as the transportation route selected in this paper (Li et al, 2019). Therefore, the railway transportation fee paid by the land port company (Xi'an) to china railway container company is In general, domestic consignors often choose the way of highway transportation to transport the cargo to the departure center station of CR Express.…”

Section: ) Value Of Location a And B For Two Land Port Companies Amementioning

confidence: 99%

Study on Competitive Strategy of China Railway Express Operation by Land Port Company

Sun¹

2020

AJIBM

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With the in-depth implementation of the "One Belt One Road" initiative, the number of cities, which have opened direct train to European countries, is increasing in China. With the rapid development of China Railway Express (CR Express) market, the problems of insufficient supply, disorderly competition and high operation cost are becoming more and more prominent, which leads to increasingly disordered competition among CR Express. Finding a balanced subsidy among local governments is a key way to solve the above problems. This paper constructs a Hotelling model which is in line with the characteristics of the development of CR Express from the aspects of consignor's utility and land port company's revenue. Then the equilibrium price, market share and revenue of land port company are solved, and the optimal local government subsidy under equilibrium condition is analyzed. Subsequently, the land port company (Xi'an) and land port company (Zhengzhou) are chosen for empirical analysis. The establishment of government subsidy policies conducive to market development can effectively reduce the disordered competition among land port companies and contribute to the sustainable development of CR Express.

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“…It is interesting to emphasize the high potential for energy recovery in these trains. This potential could justify the need for a change in transportation freight shares and the stimulation of intermodal services, both at national or international levels, for instance in Poland [3], or the OBOR initiative China-Europe [4]. Some results of the simulation for freight trains are presented in Table 11.…”

Section: Freight Transport With S-334 and S-252mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis, Evaluation and Simulation of Railway Diesel-Electric and Hybrid Units as Distributed Energy Resources

García-Garre

Gabaldón

2019

Applied Sciences

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The objective of this paper involves the analysis, identification and evaluation of different possibilities offered by technology for the improvement and the management of the use of energy and hybridization in railways: On board generation, demand response and energy storage, both in traction and auxiliary loads, considering the aggregation of resources and its stochastic nature. The paper takes into account the importance of efficient use of energy in railways, both currently (trains in service, prototypes) and in the future, considering the trends driven by energy policy scenarios (2030–2050) that will affect service and operation of units during their lifetime. A new activity has been considered that will be relevant in the future in the framework of a new electricity supply paradigm: Smart-Grids. According to this paradigm, the interaction of the Electric Power System and the Railway Supply System (somehow embedded in the Power System) will bring new opportunities for the collaboration of these two systems to perform, in a wise economic fashion, a better and more reliable operation of the complete energy system. The paper is focused on a mixed profile with low-medium traffic (passenger and freight): The first part of the route is electrified (3 kV DC catenary) whereas the second part is not electrified. Results justify that complex policies and objectives bring an opportunity to make cost-effective the hybridization of railway units, especially in low/medium traffic lines, which improves their social and economic sustainability.

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A Sustainable Transport Competitiveness Analysis of the China Railway Express in the Context of the Belt and Road Initiative

Cited by 42 publications

References 33 publications

China Railway Express Subsidy Model Based on Game Theory under “the Belt and Road” Initiative

China Railway Express Subsidy Model Based on Game Theory under “the Belt and Road” Initiative

Study on Competitive Strategy of China Railway Express Operation by Land Port Company

Analysis, Evaluation and Simulation of Railway Diesel-Electric and Hybrid Units as Distributed Energy Resources

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