A synthesis of emerging health issues of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) in eastern North America

Costanza, Kara K.L.; Whitney, Thomas D.; McIntire, Cameron D.; Livingston, William H.; Gandhi, Kamal J. K.

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2018.02.049

Cited by 30 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…These removed cankers were assessed through visual observation of damage after cross-sections had been sanded and included damage that did not have necrosis or that was associated with other factors (e.g., insects, abiotic stress, etc.). The remainder (770 cankers) had Caliciopsis canker symptoms (Figure 1) that were associated with C. pinea infections in other studies ( [9,32,51], Broders and Wyka unpub. Data).…”

Section: Analysesmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Less is known about the direct effect of climate change on fungal pathogens; however, there is concern that these too may be enhanced by the indirect effects of increased forest disturbance and tree stress associated with climate change [6][7][8]. Throughout eastern North America, eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) is experiencing novel changes in both insect and fungal interactions, making it an ideal study species [9]. There is also a persistent background level of predisposing stressors caused by site factors, disturbance regimes, and climatic factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once infected, host symptoms include excessive resin production, crown thinning, roughened bark, sunken brown/red depressed lesions, bark fissures/cracks, necrotic tissue, and reduced wood quality ( Figure 1A-F) [24,25,[30][31][32]. Ascocarps may also be present on roughened bark or at branch axils, with long black stromata that resemble eyelash clusters [9,24,25]. However, these fruiting bodies are not consistently present and are often absent near older infections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dendrochronological Analyses and Whole-Tree Dissections Reveal Caliciopsis Canker (Caliciopsis pinea) Damage Associated with the Declining Growth and Climatic Stressors of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus)

Costanza

Livingston

Fraver

et al. 2020

Forests

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Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) is considered a signature species in eastern North America, particularly in New England. In recent years, however, white pine has experienced increased damage due to native pathogens that reduce the species’ growth, productivity, and economic value. One disease of concern is Caliciopsis canker, caused by the fungal pathogen Caliciopsis pinea, which is associated with excessive resin production, cankers, rough bark, bark fissures/cracks, and reduced growth in white pine. Recent studies have documented the extent of Caliciopsis canker in New England and its association with soil and stocking conditions, yet few studies have focused on the biological impacts of the disease. This study used dendrochronology and whole-tree dissections to reconstruct Caliciopsis canker history in three New England white pine sites, quantify its impact on tree growth and vigor, identify pre-disposing factors, and assess potential silvicultural management options. Dendrochronology and whole-tree dissections provided a unique insight into canker damage throughout trees’ development. Canker damage was first reported in New Hampshire in the mid-1990s, yet cankers were present as far back as 1967 and have steadily increased since the mid-1980s. Increased canker damage was significantly associated with decreased live crown ratios and declining tree growth. Trees maintaining a 30% live crown ratio or greater generally experienced the least canker damage. Furthermore, peaks in canker occurrence were consistent across sites, indicating a regional synchronization of infection and damage. Canker damage was closely associated with climatic events such as droughts and a New England hurricane. The results suggest that Caliciopsis canker has been affecting white pine health over the last 40 years, and that the disease has become more prevalent in the past 20–30 years. Yet, our results suggest that if silvicultural prescriptions target low density thinnings that favor trees with higher live crown ratios (>30%) and low Caliciopsis symptom severity ratings, the risk of canker damage can be reduced in white pine stands.

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Section: Analysesmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dendrochronological Analyses and Whole-Tree Dissections Reveal Caliciopsis Canker (Caliciopsis pinea) Damage Associated with the Declining Growth and Climatic Stressors of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus)

Costanza

Livingston

Fraver

et al. 2020

Forests

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“…The online version of this article (https ://doi.org/10.1007/s0046 8-020-02037 -z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Costanza et al 2018;Munck et al 2012). The four ascomycete fungal pathogens which are presently associated with WPND are Lecanosticta acicola Thümen, Lophophacidium dooksii Corlett and Shoemaker, Bifusella linearis Peck, and Septorioides strobi Wyka and Broders. Each of these causal agents are considered to be native to the northeastern US and induce symptoms of chlorosis in mature needles in the late spring, followed by a defoliation of infected foliage.…”

Section: Electronic Supplementary Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogen-induced defoliation impacts on transpiration, leaf gas exchange, and non-structural carbohydrate allocation in eastern white pine (Pinus strobus)

McIntire

Huggett

Dunn

et al. 2020

Trees

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Key message Pathogen-induced defoliation resulted in a reduction in transpiration, an upregulation of photosynthesis in the early growing season, and no change in NSC reserves across stem, root, and foliar tissues. Abstract The defoliation of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) by native fungi associated with white pine needle damage (WPND) can substantially reduce foliar area for much of the growing season in the northeastern United States. Chronic defoliations in the region are known to have slowed growth rates in symptomatic stands, but the physiological impacts of WPND as it relates to tree water use and carbon assimilation are largely unresolved. We investigated how the severity of WPND defoliation influences transpiration throughout the course of a growing season. We also assessed leaf-level gas exchange between defoliation severity classes and needle age over time. Finally, we compared concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) between defoliation severity classes in five different tissue types over time. We found that trees experiencing a high-severity defoliation had 20% lower sap flux density compared to low-severity individuals. We found that rates of photosynthesis were significantly influenced by the needle age class and time of year, while instantaneous water use efficiency was higher across all needle age classes late in the growing season. Our findings suggest that the residual current-year foliage of high-severity defoliated trees compensated for the loss of mature second-and third-year foliage in the early portion of the growing season. This study found that soluble sugars and starch varied significantly over time and by tissue type, but defoliation severity had little effect on NSC concentrations. Together with reduced basal area increment in high-severity trees relative to low-severity trees, this indicates that WPND-affected trees are prioritizing NSC storage over secondary growth.

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“…Caliciopsis canker has been reported as an emerging disease of Pinus in the eastern USA (Munck et al 2015(Munck et al , 2016Costanza et al 2018;Haines et al 2018;Schulz et al 2018a, b;Whitney et al 2018) and is caused by the fungus Caliciopsis pinea. The pathogen gives rise to cankers and abundant resin bleeding on branches and stems of young and mature Pinus strobus trees, which can lead to crown wilting and defoliation and, in some cases, killing significant portions of the tree crowns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caliciopsis moriondi, a new species for a fungus long confused with the pine pathogen C. pinea

Migliorini¹,

Luchi²,

Pepori³

et al. 2020

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The genus Caliciopsis (Eurotiomycetes, Coryneliales) includes saprobic and plant pathogenic species. Caliciopsis canker is caused by Caliciopsis pinea Peck, a species first reported in the 19th century in North America. In recent years, increasing numbers of outbreaks of Caliciopsis canker have been reported on different Pinus spp. in the eastern USA. In Europe, the disease has only occasionally been reported causing cankers, mostly on Pinus radiata in stressed plantations. The aim of this study was to clarify the taxonomy of Caliciopsis specimens collected from infected Pinus spp. in Europe and North America using an integrative approach, combining morphology and phylogenetic analyses of three loci. The pathogenicity of the fungus was also considered. Two distinct groups were evident, based on morphology and multilocus phylogenetic analyses. These represent the known pathogen Caliciopsis pinea that occurs in North America and a morphologically similar, but phylogenetically distinct, species described here as Caliciopsis moriondisp. nov., found in Europe and at least one location in eastern North America. Caliciopsis moriondi differs from C. pinea in various morphological features including the length of the ascomata, as well as their distribution on the stromata.

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A synthesis of emerging health issues of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) in eastern North America

Cited by 30 publications

References 78 publications

Dendrochronological Analyses and Whole-Tree Dissections Reveal Caliciopsis Canker (Caliciopsis pinea) Damage Associated with the Declining Growth and Climatic Stressors of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus)

Dendrochronological Analyses and Whole-Tree Dissections Reveal Caliciopsis Canker (Caliciopsis pinea) Damage Associated with the Declining Growth and Climatic Stressors of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus)

Pathogen-induced defoliation impacts on transpiration, leaf gas exchange, and non-structural carbohydrate allocation in eastern white pine (Pinus strobus)

Caliciopsis moriondi, a new species for a fungus long confused with the pine pathogen C. pinea

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