“…23 Many of the studies that have applied system dynamics approaches to urban health issues have often focused on urban infrastructure management such as transport, [24][25][26] water, [27][28][29][30] and waste management systems. [31][32][33][34][35] A handful of studies have explicitly focused on population health outcomes in urban settings, including oral health, 36 HIV/ sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention, 37 social determinants of health, 38 climate change, 39 and youth violence. 40 More recently, a complex systems lens was used to develop and analyze a qualitative study of a multisectoral, multiagency alliance in Adelaide, Australia, aimed at improving outcomes for disadvantaged people through the social determinants of health.…”