“…Performance estimation problem (PEP). From the seminal work of Drori & Teboulle (2014), performance estimation problem (PEP) has been widely used to obtain the worst-case complexity of algorithms, including first-order methods (Kim & Fessler, 2017;Taylor et al, 2017;De Klerk et al, 2017;Kim & Fessler, 2018;Taylor et al, 2018b;Barré et al, 2020;De Klerk et al, 2020;Kim & Fessler, 2021;Abbaszadehpeivasti et al, 2022a;Barré et al, 2022b;Kamri et al, 2022;Rotaru et al, 2022;Gupta et al, 2023), operator splitting methods (Ryu et al, 2020), minimax algorithms (Abbaszadehpeivasti et al, 2021Gorbunov et al, 2022;Zamani et al, 2022), proximal point methods (Gu & Yang, 2020;Kim, 2021;Gu & Yang, 2022;, decentralized methods (Colla & Hendrickx, 2021;, coordinate descent methods (Abbaszadehpeivasti et al, 2022b), and even the continuous-time models (Moucer et al, 2022). PEP also finds the optimal method with optimal worst-case complexity (Drori & Teboulle, 2016;Kim & Fessler, 2016;Drori & Taylor, 2020;Taylor & Drori, 2022;Kim, 2021;Park & Ryu, 2022), and is even used to construct the Lyapunov function for the proof of convergence (Taylor et al, 2018a) and complexity lower bound (Dragomir et al, 2022).…”