A systematic multi-step screening of numerous salt hydrates for low temperature thermochemical energy storage

A review on the use of calcium chloride in applied thermal engineering

“…In this condition, the net energy storage density is 172 kWh m À3 (the heat of evaporation is taken into account [142]). But in general, only a part of this potential is used, depending on the process boundary conditions (temperature and pressure).…”

“…But in general, only a part of this potential is used, depending on the process boundary conditions (temperature and pressure). For instance, for storage applications above 100 C, only the reactions in the range between the CaCl 2 $2H 2 O and the anhydrous (CaCl 2 ) could be used [59,142,143]. Furthermore, most thermochemical storage studies do not intend to use pure calcium chloride due to the issue of material stability (phase change, swelling/shrinking ¼ loose of porosity, etc.).…”

“…Molenda et al [100,101] have studied calcium chloride for high temperature industrial waste heat storage. The authors considered basically the reaction range from CaCl 2 $2H 2 O to CaCl 2 in the required temperature range of 80e200 C because CaCl 2 $2H 2 O is the hydrate of calcium chloride that could be used in pure form without systematic melting issues for an application requiring a discharging temperature above 45 C (domestic hot water production for instance) [101,142]. In a lab-scale reactor containing 0.55 kg of CaCl 2 , two different storage modes have been tested.…”

Magnesium Sulfate/Polymer Composites for Seasonal, Thermochemical Energy Storage

“…Requirements are a high storage density and minimal heat loss over time combined in a non-toxic, cheap, environmentally friendly storage material. These requirements are best addressed by chemical heat storage systems, since heat loss can be reduced to almost zero, which can be realized by common salt hydrates [4,5]. Among others, magnesium sulfate offers especially high potential due to low cost, low corrosivity or toxicity and its high theoretical storage density of 2.8 kJ cm -3 [6,7].…”

Task 42 Annex 29 Position Paper and All Final Deliverable Papers

“…Further investigations showed, that only three salt hydrates were usable depending on an reactor simulation in their project "Thermal Battery" for private households and industry applications: SrBr 2 ·6H 2 O (392 kWh/m³), LaCl 3 ·7H 2 O (359 kWh/m³) and MgSO 4 ·6H 2 O (340 kWh/m³). The hydrates of calcium chloride (353 kWh/m³) challenged the use as storage material and it was a representative for other potential storage materials (e. g. MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O (351 kWh/m³)) [29]. Therefore, the economic and the physical properties were reflected as well as the use in applications of adsorption cooling and heating, absorption processes, desiccation, dehumidification and thermal storage were reviewed.…”