A systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the prevalence of depression between people with and without Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes

Farooqi, Aaisha; Gillies, Clare; Sathanapally, Harini; Abner, Sophia; Seidu, Sam; Davies, Melanie J.; Polonsky, William H.; Khunti, Kamlesh

doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2021.11.001

Cited by 94 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Likewise, the finding of higher rates of depression amongst females adheres perfectly to the data in literature reporting overall a 2-fold increase in risk of depression in the female gender compared to males, both in the general population ( 1 ) and in the population of diabetic patients ( 14 , 15 ). In the most recent meta-analysis Farooqi et al ( 76 ) reported a prevalence of depression of 22% in T1DM patients which is below the prevalence in our sample. This could be explained by the fact that most of the studies to date were conducted on samples of adolescents and youth while depressive disorders tend to occur more often later in life ( 58 ).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 83%

“…This could be explained by the fact that most of the studies to date were conducted on samples of adolescents and youth while depressive disorders tend to occur more often later in life ( 58 ). Moreover, our study was conducted in a specialist care setting which was associated with higher prevalence rates in the aforementioned meta-analysis ( 76 ). Finally, the use of self-report questionnaires to assess depression in patients with diabetes have been found to be associated with higher rates compared to standardized diagnostic interviews ( 15 ), possibly underlying an overestimation of the depressive dimension due to the difficulty of distinguishing between a true depressive state and a condition of distress linked to diabetes management.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Depression in Diabetic Patients: What Is the Link With Eating Disorders? Results of a Study in a Representative Sample of Patients With Type 1 Diabetes

et al. 2022

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Background and PurposeComorbidity between diabetes and depression, and diabetes and eating disorders (ED) conveys significant diagnostic, clinical and therapeutic implications. The present study was conducted on a sample of adult outpatients affected by Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM) to assess lifetime prevalence of ED; current prevalence of depression and Disturbed Eating Behaviors (DEB) and their impact on glycemic control. We hypothesized that patients with depression would have higher rates of lifetime ED and current DEB. We hypothesized a significant and independent association between DEB and the prevalence of depression.Materials and MethodsThe study was carried out using a cross-sectional design in a sample of 172 diabetic patients with T1DM aged from 17 to 55 years. Lifetime prevalence of ED according to DSM-5 criteria was assessed by means of the Module H modified of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorder (SCID-I). The following questionnaires were used: Beck Depression Inventory–IA version (BDI-IA) and Diabetes Eating Problems Survey—Revised (DEPS-R), to assess respectively the current presence of depression and DEB. Socio-demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were also collected.ResultsHigh rates of depression (35.5%) and DEB (19.2%) were observed in our sample of 172 adult outpatients with T1DM. Lifetime history of ED was present in 20.9% of the sample and was more frequently diagnosed in patients with current depression (34.4% vs. 13.9%, p = 0.002). Higher levels of DEB at DEPS-R significantly increased the odds of depression (adjOR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.03–1.15; p = 0.003). The presence of DEB was associated with poor glycemic control. On the other hand, no association was found between depression and metabolic compensation.ConclusionAdult patients with T1DM and depression should be screened for ED and DEB. Treating DEB could positively impact both mood and glycemic control in this population. Further studies should be carried out on a larger patient population using a longitudinal design and an accurate method of evaluation to explore the complex relationship between diabetes, depression, ED, and DEB. Future research should investigate treatment strategies for DEB in T1DM patients and their impact on both psychopathological and metabolic outcomes.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression in Diabetic Patients: What Is the Link With Eating Disorders? Results of a Study in a Representative Sample of Patients With Type 1 Diabetes

et al. 2022

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“…Although there are many studies concerning the occurrence of depression in T2DM, where often depression has been shown to increase the risk for progressive insulin resistance and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus, 33–35 it is unclear whether type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for elevated depressive symptoms 36 . When we consider the T1DM aetiology, the mechanisms of depression development may only partially be similar to T2DM, as in fact T1DM and T2DM are to separate diagnostic and etiological units, although the prevalence of depression in both disorders in much higher than in the general population 2,3,5 . Two major hypotheses currently exist to explain the causal pathway between diabetes and depression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the spectrum of depression and bipolarity in patients with type 1 diabetes

Cyranka

Matejko

et al. 2022

Diabetes Metabolism Res

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Aims:The aim of the study was to check the prevalence of unipolarity (depression), bipolarity, as well as the quality of sleep and temperament traits in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) who are provided with optimal conditions of diabetes care and to identify possible risk factors connected with affective traits. Materials and Methods: Out of the 107 T1DM patients, 78 (54 females, 24 males) were included for the analysis (HbA1c [%] 7.11 � 1.0, BMI [kg/m 2 ] 25.3 � 5.6; Years of disease duration [N] 13.7 � 8.3). The patients filled in a set of questionnaires during their regular visit to the outpatient clinic. Three patients from the whole group were on intensive insulin therapy with Multiple Daily Injections (MDI) and Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG), all the rest were on various types of personal insulin pumps (years on insulin pump [N] 9.1 � 4.5). All the patients were on regular diabetologist care, with regular visits in a Centre for Advanced Technologies in Diabetes (at least every 6 months). Results:In QIDS-S (full explanation and abbreviation 26 patients (33.8%) were screened positive for depression, in PHQ (full explanation and ab 57.7% of the patients (45 patients) had symptoms of depression (age was negatively correlated with PHQ score [r = −0.26; p = 0.023]). In CES-D 16 (20%) of the patients assessed their present affect as depressed. None of the analysed clinical variables correlated with depression scores. In the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ), 16 patients reported having symptoms of bipolarity (20.5% vs. 79.5%). Hypomania Checklist (HCL) analysis indicated 10 patients with bipolar traits (>14) (14.9% vs. 85.1%).None of the analysed clinical variables correlated with HCL results. 11.5% of patients were indicated to be of morning type. Morningness was more often seen in younger patients (r = 0.39; p = 0.001). As many as 46.6% declared that they had poor sleep quality. The temperament traits analysis correlated with clinical parameters: Cyclothymic temperament trait was negatively correlated with age (r = −0.30; p = 0.007) and positively with HbA1c level (r = 0.30; p = 0.025).Hyperthymic temperament was positively correlated with (BMI r = 0.28; p = 0.016).

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“…The link between diabetes and changes in the central nervous system (CNS) is well established. Diabetes is associated with a two-fold increased risk of stroke and depression [ 100 , 101 ], as well as 1.5-fold increased risk of dementia [ 102 ]. Neuroimaging studies have revealed that people with DSPN may have additional structural and functional changes in the CNS and demonstrated differences between people with painless and painful DSPN.…”

Section: Central Nervous System (Cns) Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenesis of Distal Symmetrical Polyneuropathy in Diabetes

Smith

Normahani

Lane

et al. 2022

Life

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Distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSPN) is a serious complication of diabetes associated with significant disability and mortality. Although more than 50% of people with diabetes develop DSPN, its pathogenesis is still relatively unknown. This lack of understanding has limited the development of novel disease-modifying therapies and left the reasons for failed therapies uncertain, which is critical given that current management strategies often fail to achieve long-term efficacy. In this article, the pathogenesis of DSPN is reviewed, covering pathogenic changes in the peripheral nervous system, microvasculature and central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, the successes and limitations of current therapies are discussed, and potential therapeutic targets are proposed. Recent findings on its pathogenesis have called the definition of DSPN into question and transformed the disease model, paving the way for new research prospects.

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A systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the prevalence of depression between people with and without Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes

Cited by 94 publications

References 58 publications

Depression in Diabetic Patients: What Is the Link With Eating Disorders? Results of a Study in a Representative Sample of Patients With Type 1 Diabetes

Depression in Diabetic Patients: What Is the Link With Eating Disorders? Results of a Study in a Representative Sample of Patients With Type 1 Diabetes

Assessment of the spectrum of depression and bipolarity in patients with type 1 diabetes

Pathogenesis of Distal Symmetrical Polyneuropathy in Diabetes

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