A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Risk Factors Associated with Severity and Death in COVID-19 Patients

Du, Pengqiang; Li, Dandan; Wang, Aifeng; Shen, Su; Ma, Zhichao; Li, Xingang

doi:10.1155/2021/6660930

Cited by 66 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Patients aged ≥18 years who were treated in Nuevo León, Mexico, were included; pregnant patients were excluded ( n = 513). Pre-existing conditions analysed included those previously identified as risk factors for COVID-19 and its complications: age (years), sex (male), diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, immunosuppression, obesity, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease and smoking ( 4 – 9 , 18 , 19 ). The following outcomes were evaluated: COVID-19 infection [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) polymerase chain reaction-positive], COVID-19 pneumonia, COVID-19 intubation and COVID-19 death.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) is a global public health problem. As of May 10, 2021, 158,551,526 people have been infected and 3,296,855 have died from this disease worldwide (1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In many cases, these circumstances prevented home office work, which could cause greater exposure to infected people and a greater spread of COVID-19 in this population ( 14 ). Moreover, this state has a high prevalence of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes and hypertension ( 15 ), which have consistently been associated with infection ( 16 , 17 ) and worse outcomes in the course of this disease ( 4 – 9 , 18 , 19 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk Factors for SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Pneumonia, Intubation, and Death in Northeast Mexico

Cordero-Franco

Garza-Salinas

Gómez-García

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

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Despite the social distancing and mobility restriction measures implemented for susceptible people around the world, infections and deaths due to COVID-19 continued to increase, even more so in the first months of 2021 in Mexico. Thus, it is necessary to find risk groups that can benefit from more aggressive preventive measures in a high-density population. This is a case-control study of suspected COVID-19 patients from Nuevo León, Mexico. Cases were: (1) COVID-19-positive patients and COVID-19-positive patients who (2) developed pneumonia, (3) were intubated and (4) died. Controls were: (1) COVID-19-negative patients, (2) COVID-19-positive patients without pneumonia, (3) non-intubated COVID-19-positive patients and (4) surviving COVID-19-positive patients. ≥ 18 years of age, not pregnant, were included. The pre-existing conditions analysed as risk factors were age (years), sex (male), diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, immunosuppression, obesity, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease and smoking. The Mann-Whitney U tests, Chi square and binary logistic regression were used. A total of 56,715 suspected patients were analysed in Nuevo León, México, with 62.6% being positive for COVID-19 and, of those infected, 14% developed pneumonia, 2.9% were intubated and 8.1% died. The mean age of those infected was 44.7 years, while of those complicated it was around 60 years. Older age, male sex, diabetes, hypertension, and obesity were risk factors for infection, complications, and death from COVID-19. This study highlights the importance of timely recognition of the population exposed to pre-existing conditions to prioritise preventive measures against the virus.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk Factors for SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Pneumonia, Intubation, and Death in Northeast Mexico

Cordero-Franco

Garza-Salinas

Gómez-García

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

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“…Different categories of risks prompting of SARS-CoV-2 infection process or aggravating the course of the disease were generally analyzed by WHO and others experts [7,9,24,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. In the Tan and coworkers publication [33] was suggested that income disproportion in the USA associated with more infection cases and COVID-19 deaths.…”

Section: Quantitate Evaluation Of Socioeconomic Factors and Progress Of Virus Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic and social factors affecting the epidemiological process of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus

Пономаренко¹

2021

Preprint

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Summary Aim. Analyze the impact of several economic and social factors on the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, comparing the latest statistics in large and representative samples. Assess the factors inhibiting the negative consequences of the infectious process of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Materials and methods. To create this review, the required academic and media publications also statistical data were found on the Internet for the selected keywords, both for a single tag and in various combinations of them. Population statistics have been created on the base of data available on the Internet. Results and discussion. The relationship between economic or social factors and the impacts of the 15-month COVID-19 pandemic in different regions was investigated using a variety of available statistics for five continents and 53 countries. A positive relationship was found between the consequences of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic and GDP per capita or the type of human diet with correlation coefficients in the range of 0.48-0.87. The development of the viral epidemic demonstrates a less clear correlation on population density from r = -0.68 to r = -0.16, depending on the selected group of countries. For island nations, geographic isolation was the dominant defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusions. An analytical and quantitative study of economic or social aspects and numerous statistics on the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, carried out on large representative samples, showed that, the productive infection and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2, critically increase with an excessive amount of consumed proteins and fats. To successfully control of the progression COVID-19 disease, the WHO guidelines for the amount of macronutrients consumed should be followed. This cost-effective approach will reduce health care expenditures in all countries during the epidemic.

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“…Patients with markers of kidney impairment were at a higher risk for in-hospital death 4 . Some studies have found that CKD is associated with the risk of severe COVID-19 symptoms 5 , 6 , and subsquent death 7 in patients with COVID-19. And there was a significant increase in mortality in CKD stages 3–5 8 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with renal injury: a multi-hospital observational study from Wuhan

Chen

Liu

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Renal injury is common in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). We aimed to determine the relationship of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and acute kidney injury (AKI) with the characteristics, progression, and prognosis of COVID-19 in-patients. We retrospectively reviewed 1851 COVID-19 patients admitted to 3 hospitals in Wuhan, China. Clinical, laboratory, radiological, treatment, complication, and outcome data were analyzed. Patients were stratified according to levels of eGFR (≥ 90 vs. 60–89 vs. < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2). The risk of reaching the composite endpoint—intensive care unit admission, invasive ventilation, or death—was compared. On admission, 25.5% patients had renal impairment (eGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73 m2), but only 2.6% patients had chronic kidney disease (CKD). The overall in-hospital AKI incidence was 6.7%. Severe illness and comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, CKD, and cardiovascular/cerebrovascular diseases) were more common among patients with low eGFR (< 90 mL/min/1.73 m2). Despite the more frequent use of intensive oxygen therapy, continuous blood purification, and glucocorticoid treatment, the prognosis of these patients was unsatisfactory, with the incidence of the composite endpoint (15.4% vs. 19.6% vs. 54.5%; P = 0.000) and complications (AKI, respiratory failure, cardiac injury, coagulation disorders, sepsis, etc.) increasing with decreasing eGFR. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed that patients with eGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 or AKI had significantly escalated risks of reaching the composite endpoint. Multivariate regression analysis showed that renal insufficiency (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) on admission and in-hospital AKI independently predicted poor prognosis among COVID-19 in-patients. And renal impairment on admission was a greater predictor of poor prognosis in non-elderly patients than that in elderly patients. Early and continuous renal-function monitoring and early AKI diagnosis are necessary to predict and prevent the progression of COVID-19.

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A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Risk Factors Associated with Severity and Death in COVID-19 Patients

Cited by 66 publications

References 38 publications

Risk Factors for SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Pneumonia, Intubation, and Death in Northeast Mexico

Risk Factors for SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Pneumonia, Intubation, and Death in Northeast Mexico

Economic and social factors affecting the epidemiological process of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus

Clinical outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with renal injury: a multi-hospital observational study from Wuhan

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