A Systematic Review of Community-Level Protective Factors in Children Exposed to Maltreatment

Abstract

Childhood maltreatment and neglect are associated with a host of negative outcomes. Yet, some children show resilience despite their exposure to these traumatic events. Several protective factors have been documented in the literature, but few studies focus on protective factors in the child’s community that can promote resilience. The purpose of this review was to provide a comprehensive portrait of the impact of community protective factors on the resilience of abused and neglected children. The databases PsycNet and PubMed were used to screen the literature relying on the following inclusion criteria: (1) published in English or in French; (2) report empirical and quantitative data; (3) include a minimum sample size of 30 participants; (4) rely on a sample of maltreated children or adolescents under the age of 24; (5) examine the associations between community protective factors and indicators of psychological adaptation; and (6) include outcome measures that assessed either positive adaptation or the absence of symptomatology in participants. Of the 9,553 articles identified, 44 studies met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in this review. Although many protective factors show significant results, several methodological limitations remain to be examined to affirm that these community variables have a significant impact on the level of resilience of maltreated children. Since child maltreatment is a systemic issue, it remains important to fully understand how community protective factors operate on the resilience of these children as it can greatly inform practitioners and community institutions on how to intervene with populations at risk of maltreatment.

Family-, School-, and Neighborhood-Level Predictors of Resilience for Adolescents with a History of Maltreatment

“…Generally, resilience is understood as a dynamic developmental process involving the attainment of positive adaptation despite experiences of severe adversity or trauma [33]. Although the literature on "resilience" in the context of child maltreatment differs in conceptualizing and operationalizing resilience processes [9], studies indicate that profiles of resilience in children with maltreatment histories are affected both by traits of the surrounding environment as well as individual attributes [41].…”