A Systemic Review on Surgical Site Infections: Classification, Risk Factors, Treatment Complexities, Economical and Clinical Scenarios

Abstract

Objective: To signify the risk factors, treatment complexities, economical and clinical scenarios related to Surgical Site infection (SSIs). The second most common health care associated infection is the Surgical Site infection, which may increase morbidity and mortality rate among surgical patient and produce a greater influence on length of stay during hospitalization, readmission and economic cost.Method: A methodical literature investigation was conducted to recognize the extent of studies in relation to SSI. Procedural details of SSI, quality attributes in term of various components of SSI were assessed. Results:The incident rate reported in different countries shows divergent variation because of the numerous systems integrated in the epidemiological control of Hospital acquired Infection. Staphylococcus aureus is most frequent pathogen associated with SSI. Increased treatment cost is mostly associated with additional length of hospitalization and supplementary diagnostic testing's, extra medication/antibiotic utilization and maybe any other minor surgical procedure in certain conditions. Conclusion:This Literature review elaborates the risk factors, classification, economical and clinical scenario and also demonstrates the treatment challenges in various perspectives.

Nosocomial Infections and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Cancer Patients

“…The most common organisms responsible for SSI are Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and MSSA), E. coli, coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CONS), Pseudomonas, etc. [77]. The INICC data from developing countries shows a significantly higher incidence of SSI, as compared to the data from developed countries.…”

Prevalence of Surgical Site infections among Surgical operated patients in Zewditu Memorial Hospital. Addis Ababa Ethiopia December 2020.

“…Surgical Site has a statistically significant relationship with wound class at the time of surgery According to microbiological research on surgical site infection conducted at Black Lion Hospital and Hawassa Referral Hospital, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the third most common isolate after Staphylococcus auras and coagulase-negative Staphylococci. The lowest resistance rate achieved was 25% for ampicillin, and the maximum resistance rate obtained was 100% for chloramphenicol [12,16]. Surgical site wound infection was documented in another prospective study in TikurAnbessa Hospital in 2015.…”

“…Several factors have been found as increasing vulnerability to any wound infection, with some of these factors strongly predisposed to infection. Susceptibility is increased by pre-existing disease, the length of the surgery, the wound class, and wound infection [12]. Other risk factors for wound infections include extremes of age, malignancy, metabolic illnesses, malnutrition, immune suppression, cigarette smoking, remote site infection, emergency procedures, and a long period of preoperative hospitalization [13,14] Various studies in Ethiopia have found that the prevalence of post-surgical wound infection ranges from 14.8 percent to 60%.…”