ABSTRACT… Background: Internal jugular vein is considered the preferred site of insertion. Prevalence of central vein stenosis following temporary double lumen catheterization at different sites seems to be different in Asian countries. Objectives: To evaluate the number of cases having catheterization and stenosis after being subjected to central vein catheterization (CVC) among Pakistani population. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Period: 6 months period. Setting: Admitted in the Department of Nephrology or already undergoing maintenance hemodialysis fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Material and Method: The sample which was considered suitable for this study was 150 cases after checking the inclusion criteria carefully. The patients were advised to undergo color Doppler ultrasonography of IJV and SCV of both sides. Demographics and outcome variables were noted and recorded for the analysis purposes. Data was analyzed used SPSS 20.inc Results: The frequency of catheterization of catherization at IJV was found to be 128(85.3%) and frequency of catheterization at SCV was 22(14.7%). The frequency of CVS at IJV was found to be 43(29.68%) and the frequency of CVS at SCV was 81(54.54%). The frequency of stenosis at SCV was found to be significantly higher with a p value of 0.029 (<0.05). Conclusion: Internal jugular vein is the most frequent and preferred site of temporary double lumen catheterization for haemodialysis as it is associated with significantly lower rate of stenosis as compared to subclavian vein.

Objective: To signify the risk factors, treatment complexities, economical and clinical scenarios related to Surgical Site infection (SSIs). The second most common health care associated infection is the Surgical Site infection, which may increase morbidity and mortality rate among surgical patient and produce a greater influence on length of stay during hospitalization, readmission and economic cost.Method: A methodical literature investigation was conducted to recognize the extent of studies in relation to SSI. Procedural details of SSI, quality attributes in term of various components of SSI were assessed. Results:The incident rate reported in different countries shows divergent variation because of the numerous systems integrated in the epidemiological control of Hospital acquired Infection. Staphylococcus aureus is most frequent pathogen associated with SSI. Increased treatment cost is mostly associated with additional length of hospitalization and supplementary diagnostic testing's, extra medication/antibiotic utilization and maybe any other minor surgical procedure in certain conditions. Conclusion:This Literature review elaborates the risk factors, classification, economical and clinical scenario and also demonstrates the treatment challenges in various perspectives.

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Background: Hepatitis C is an important health issue in chronic kidney disease patients especially those on regular hemodialysis. The cause of this high prevelance remains multi-factorial. Despite of various infection control measures adopted worldwide, hepatitis c high seroconversion rates among dialysis patients remain a major health concern. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of seroconversion of hepatitis C in patients on maintenance hemodialysis in our set-up and also to find the various risk factors attributing to it . Methods: A retrospective study was performed on forty seven patients on routine hemodialysis who were initially sero negative for hepatitis C at the time of registration in Lahore general hospital dialysis centre and frequency of seroconversion to positive for anti HCV was calculated using spss 20. The various variables were analyzed on basis of p-value(significant <0.05) Results: Out of total 47 patients , 6 patients(12.80%) were found to be sero converted to hepatitis C during the dialysis treatment in our centre. History of surgical procedure (major/minor) (83.3%, p value:0.006) and presence of hepatitis C in spouse(66.7%, p value :0.0001) were found to be statistically significant risk factors. Conclusion: The current study indicates the high rates of hepatitis C seroconversion in hemodialysis patients and the various contributing risk factors for it . Because of the immunodeficiency in these patients, intense education to medical staff as well as patients themselves will be beneficial in controlling the spread

Background: Internal jugular vein is considered the preferred site of insertion.Prevalence of central vein stenosis following temporary double lumen catheterization at differentsites seems to be different in Asian countries. Objectives: To evaluate the number of cases havingcatheterization and stenosis after being subjected to central vein catheterization (CVC) amongPakistani population. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Period: 6 months period. Setting:Admitted in the Department of Nephrology or already undergoing maintenance hemodialysisfulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Material and Method: The samplewhich was considered suitable for this study was 150 cases after checking the inclusion criteriacarefully. The patients were advised to undergo color Doppler ultrasonography of IJV and SCVof both sides. Demographics and outcome variables were noted and recorded for the analysispurposes. Data was analyzed used SPSS 20.inc Results: The frequency of catheterization ofcatherization at IJV was found to be 128(85.3%) and frequency of catheterization at SCV was22(14.7%). The frequency of CVS at IJV was found to be 43(29.68%) and the frequency of CVSat SCV was 81(54.54%). The frequency of stenosis at SCV was found to be significantly higherwith a p value of 0.029 (<0.05). Conclusion: Internal jugular vein is the most frequent andpreferred site of temporary double lumen catheterization for haemodialysis as it is associatedwith significantly lower rate of stenosis as compared to subclavian vein.