A Temporal White Noise Analysis for Extracting the Impulse Response Function of the Human Electroretinogram

Zele, Andrew J.; Feigl, Beatrix; Kambhampati, Pradeep Kumar; Aher, Avinash J.; McKeefry, Declan J.; Parry, Neil R. A.; Maguire, John F.; Murray, Ian J.; Kremers, Jan

doi:10.1167/tvst.6.6.1

Cited by 16 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The purpose of the present study is to investigate the responses to luminance and L-and M-cone isolating white noise stimuli in macaque monkeys. The luminance IRFs can be compared with those obtained previously in human subjects (Zele et al, 2017). Similar as in human subjects, the responses to M-cone driven sinusoidal stimuli were smaller than those to L-cone driven stimuli at high temporal frequencies but of about 10.3389/fnins.2022.925405 equal amplitude at low temporal frequencies.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…In a linear system, the IRF equals the response to an infinitely short flash with infinitely high intensity (and with an energy of 1). Although the use of white noise stimuli in visual electrophysiology is not novel (Marmarelis and Naka, 1973;Field et al, 2010), to our knowledge it has only recently been employed in ERG measurements (Saul and Still, 2016;Zele et al, 2017;Adhikari et al, 2019). In the present study, we explored the utility of temporal white noise stimuli in the macaque monkey.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electroretinographic responses to luminance and cone-isolating white noise stimuli in macaques

et al. 2022

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Electroretinograms (ERGs) are mass potentials with a retinal origin that can be measured non-invasively. They can provide information about the physiology of the retina. Often, ERGs are measured to flashes that are highly unnatural stimuli. To obtain more information about the physiology of the retina, we measured ERGs with temporal white noise (TWN) stimuli that are more natural and keep the retina in a normal range of operation. The stimuli can be combined with the silent substitution stimulation technique with which the responses of single photoreceptor types can be isolated. We characterized electroretinogram (ERG) responses driven by luminance activity or by the L- or the M-cones. The ERGs were measured from five anesthetized macaques (two females) to luminance, to L-cone isolating and to M-cone isolating stimuli in which luminance or cone excitation were modulated with a TWN profile. The responses from different recordings were correlated with each other to study reproducibility and inter-individual variability. Impulse response functions (IRFs) were derived by cross-correlating the response with the stimulus. Modulation transfer functions (MTFs) were the IRFs in the frequency domain. The responses to luminance and L-cone isolating stimuli showed the largest reproducibility. The M-cone driven responses showed the smallest inter-individual variability. The IRFs and MTFs showed early (high frequency) components that were dominated by L-cone driven signals. A late component was equally driven by L- and M-cone activity. The IRFs showed characteristic similarities and differences relative to flash ERGs. The responses to TWN stimuli can be used to characterize the involvement of retinal cells and pathways to the ERG response. It can also be used to identify linear and non-linear processes.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroretinographic responses to luminance and cone-isolating white noise stimuli in macaques

et al. 2022

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“…Temporal white noise (TWN) randomly modulates the S-cone, M-cone, L-cone and Rod photoreceptor excitations (40% Michelson contrast) 23 , 24 without changing the melanopsin photoreceptor excitation. The noise is generated in the frequency domain by assigning fixed amplitudes to all frequencies between 0 and 30 Hz and randomly varying phase (0–359°).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melanopsin photoreception contributes to human visual detection, temporal and colour processing

Zele

Feigl

Adhikari

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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The visual consequences of melanopsin photoreception in humans are not well understood. Here we studied melanopsin photoreception using a technique of photoreceptor silent substitution with five calibrated spectral lights after minimising the effects of individual differences in optical pre-receptoral filtering and desensitising penumbral cones in the shadow of retinal blood vessels. We demonstrate that putative melanopsin-mediated image-forming vision corresponds to an opponent S-OFF L + M-ON response property, with an average temporal resolution up to approximately 5 Hz, and >10x higher thresholds than red-green colour vision. With a capacity for signalling colour and integrating slowly changing lights, melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells maybe the fifth photoreceptor type for peripheral vision.

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“…The inter-stimulus interval included temporal white noise that randomly modulated the S–cone, M–cone, L–cone, and rod photoreceptor excitations (40% Michelson contrast) (44, 45) without changing the melanopsin photoreceptor excitation (10). The purpose of the temporal white noise is to limit the effect of any non-melanopsin photoreceptor absorptions on the melanopsin-directed pupil responses by desensitizing penumbral cones in the shadow of the retinal vasculature; for the 17% Weber contrast, melanopsin-directed pulse on the 2000 Td adaptation field, the penumbral L–, M–, and S–cone contrasts were 0.2, 0.5, and 0.6%, respectively and the rod contrast was 0.2%.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melanopsin and Cone Photoreceptor Inputs to the Afferent Pupil Light Response

Zele¹,

Adhikari²,

Cao³

et al. 2019

Front. Neurol.

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Background: Retinal photoreceptors provide the main stage in the mammalian eye for regulating the retinal illumination through changes in pupil diameter, with a small population of melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) forming the primary afferent pathway for this response. The purpose of this study is to determine how melanopsin interacts with the three cone photoreceptor classes in the human eye to modulate the light-adapted pupil response. Methods: We investigated the independent and combined contributions of the inner and outer retinal photoreceptor inputs to the afferent pupil pathway in participants with trichromatic color vision using a method to independently control the excitations of ipRGCs, cones and rods in the retina. Results: We show that melanopsin-directed stimuli cause a transient pupil constriction generated by cones in the shadow of retinal blood vessels; desensitizing these penumbral cone signals uncovers a signature melanopsin pupil response that includes a longer latency (292 ms) and slower time (4.1x) and velocity (7.7x) to constriction than for cone-directed stimuli, and which remains sustained post-stimulus offset. Compared to melanopsin-mediated pupil responses, the cone photoreceptor-initiated pupil responses are more transient with faster constriction latencies, higher velocities and a secondary constriction at light offset. The combined pupil responses reveal that melanopsin signals are additive with the cone signals. Conclusions: The visual system uses the L–, M–, and S–cone photoreceptor inputs to the afferent pupil pathway to accomplish the tonic modulations of pupil size to changes in image contrast. The inner retinal melanopsin-expressing ipRGCs mediate the longer-term, sustained pupil constriction to set the light-adapted pupil diameter during extended light exposures.

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A Temporal White Noise Analysis for Extracting the Impulse Response Function of the Human Electroretinogram

Cited by 16 publications

References 46 publications

Electroretinographic responses to luminance and cone-isolating white noise stimuli in macaques

Electroretinographic responses to luminance and cone-isolating white noise stimuli in macaques

Melanopsin photoreception contributes to human visual detection, temporal and colour processing

Melanopsin and Cone Photoreceptor Inputs to the Afferent Pupil Light Response

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