A Tethered Balloon Air Sampling System for Determining the Vertical Distribution of Atmospheric Tracers

Lagomarsino, R. J.; Latner, N.

doi:10.1080/10473289.1997.10463953

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 5 publications

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“…Airborne sampling: Effluent is drawn from a plume aloft after it has cooled to near ambient temperatures but before it is dominated by the particles present in the background air. Aircraft, balloons, and cranes have been used to elevate sampling systems into the plume (Anderson et al, 1977(Anderson et al, , 1998Armstrong et al, 1981;Hering et al, 1981;Gillani and Wilson, 1983;Shah et al, 1989;Cahill et al, 1992;Baxter and Pederson, 1994;Lagomarsino and Latner, 1997;Hofmann et al, 1998;Greenberg et al, 1999). With airborne sampling it is possible to follow a large plume and examine how source profiles change as secondary aerosol is formed.…”

Section: Step 3: Characterize Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Receptor modeling application framework for particle source apportionment

Watson¹,

Zhu²,

Chow³

et al. 2002

Chemosphere

269

144

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Receptor models infer contributions from particulate matter (PM) source types using multivariate measurements of particle chemical and physical properties. Receptor models complement source models that estimate concentrations from emissions inventories and transport meteorology. Enrichment factor, chemical mass balance, multiple linear regression, eigenvector. edge detection, neural network, aerosol evolution, and aerosol equilibrium models have all been used to solve particulate air quality problems, and more than 500 citations of their theory and application document these uses. While elements, ions, and carbons were often used to apportion TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 among many source types, many of these components have been reduced in source emissions such that more complex measurements of carbon fractions, specific organic compounds, single particle characteristics, and isotopic abundances now need to be measured in source and receptor samples. Compliance monitoring networks are not usually designed to obtain data for the observables, locations, and time periods that allow receptor models to be applied. Measurements from existing networks can be used to form conceptual models that allow the needed monitoring network to be optimized. The framework for using receptor models to solve air quality problems consists of: (1) formulating a conceptual model; (2) identifying potential sources; (3) characterizing source emissions; (4) obtaining and analyzing ambient PM samples for major components and source markers; (5) confirming source types with multivariate receptor models; (6) quantifying source contributions with the chemical mass balance; (7) estimating profile changes and the limiting precursor gases for secondary aerosols; and (8) reconciling receptor modeling results with source models, emissions inventories, and receptor data analyses.

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Section: Step 3: Characterize Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Receptor modeling application framework for particle source apportionment

Watson¹,

Zhu²,

Chow³

et al. 2002

Chemosphere

269

144

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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METHODS FOR ATTRIBUTING AMBIENT AIR POLLUTANTS TO EMISSION SOURCES

Blanchard¹

1999

Annu. Rev. Energy. Environ.

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▪ Abstract Six methods for attributing ambient pollutants to emission sources are reviewed: emissions analysis, trend analysis, tracer studies, trajectory analysis, receptor modeling, and dispersion modeling. The ranges of applicability, types of information provided, limitations, performance capabilities, and areas of active research of the different methods are compared. For primary, nonreactive pollutants whose effects of concern occur on a global scale, an accounting of emissions rates by source type and location largely characterizes source contributions. For other pollutants or smaller spatial scales, accurate estimates of emissions are needed for identifying the emissions reduction potentials of possible control measures and as inputs to dispersion models. Emission levels are frequently known with factor-of-two accuracy or worse, and improved estimates are needed for dispersion modeling. The analysis of regional or urban-scale trends in emissions and ambient pollutant concentrations can provide qualitative information on source contributions, but quantitative results are limited by the confounding influence of variations in meteorology and uncertainties in the areas over which emissions affect concentrations. Tracer studies are useful for quantifying dispersion characteristics of plumes, qualitatively characterizing transport directions, and providing empirical data for evaluating trajectory and dispersion models. Data are usually temporally limited to a short study period, typically do not provide information on vertical pollutant distributions, and are most applicable to the transport of primary, nonreactive pollutants. Trajectory analyses are routinely used to estimate atmospheric transport directions. Trajectory errors of about 20% of travel distance are considered typical of the better models and data sets. Receptor models use measurements of ambient pollutant concentrations to quantify the contributions of different source types to primary particulate matter or volatile organic compounds, or to characterize source-region contributions to a single pollutant. Accuracy rates of ∼30% are often achieved when quantifying the contributions from different types of emission sources. Dispersion models are well-suited for estimating quantitative source-receptor relationships, as the effects of individual emission sources or source regions can be studied. Lagrangian and Gaussian dispersion models are computationally efficient and can simulate the transport of nonreactive primary or linear secondary species. Eulerian models are computationally intensive but lend themselves to the simulation of nonlinear chemistry. Careful evaluation of modeling accuracy is needed for a model application to fulfill its potential for source attribution. Accuracy can be evaluated through a combination of performance evaluation, sensitivity analysis, diagnostic evaluation, and corroborating analyses.

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A Tethered Balloon Air Sampling System for Determining the Vertical Distribution of Atmospheric Tracers

Cited by 2 publications

References 5 publications

Receptor modeling application framework for particle source apportionment

Receptor modeling application framework for particle source apportionment

METHODS FOR ATTRIBUTING AMBIENT AIR POLLUTANTS TO EMISSION SOURCES

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