A thermal threshold testing device for evaluation of analgesics in cats

Dixon, Michael J.; Robertson, S. A.; Taylor, PM

doi:10.1053/rvsc.2001.0543

Cited by 115 publications

(222 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This is one drawback of a remote method. Whereas the thermal contact device developed by Dixon et al (2002) accounts for this variation by measuring initial skin temperature and temperature at point of response, the CO 2 laser does not. The cats were also not housed in a temperature controlled room and daily fluctuations may have impacted upon measurements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Use of thermal stimuli often results in habituation or sensitisation following successive exposures which are considered to be drawbacks of thermal techniques (Bölcskei et al, 2010). However, similar to other devices used for measuring thermal thresholds in cats (Dixon et al, 2002) the behaviours elicited by the low power CO 2 laser technique show no evidence of habituation or sensitisation over a period of 1 h (Farnworth et al, 2013). Panniculus reflex, being the predominant and relatively invariant behavioural response, also minimises the likelihood that errors associated with subjective interpretation will be made.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Body weight affects behavioural indication of thermal nociceptive threshold in adult domestic cats (Felis catus)

Farnworth

Barrett

Adams

et al. 2013

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

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a b s t r a c tCarbon dioxide (CO 2 ) thermal lasers have previously been validated for the assessment of nociception in cats. This experiment sought to assess the potential impact of factors associated with age, sex, body weight and sterilisation upon nociceptive threshold as measured by latency to display a behavioural response. Cats (N = 113) were exposed to a CO2 thermal laser three times during a 45-60 min test period depending upon the interval between tests. A minimum of 15 min elapsed between consecutive tests on any one individual. Time to display either a skin twitch or withdrawal was measured. Intra-class correlations showed the three measurements to be repeatable across tests for any given cat (ICC = 0.482; P < 0.001). Males had a significantly longer mean latency to respond than females (14.83 s and 12.59 s respectively; P = 0.028). Analyses of co-variance established that the body weight of females significantly affected response threshold (P = 0.013) but for males this effect was marginal (P = 0.058). All other factors included in the analyses were non-significant. A post hoc ttest for males and females with overlapping body weights found no significant differences between the sexes (P = 0.721). The precise reason for the effect of body weight on latency to respond is unknown and further exploration is needed particularly as it relates to subcutaneous fat deposition and skin temperature. It is concluded that, for cats, the body weight of the subject should be standardised or included in any analyses for assessment of nociception. Inclusion of body weight data in analyses may also prove useful when using a CO2 laser protocol in other species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body weight affects behavioural indication of thermal nociceptive threshold in adult domestic cats (Felis catus)

Farnworth

Barrett

Adams

et al. 2013

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

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“…Τα τελευταία χρόνια μελετάται η χρήση μεθόδων για την εκτίμηση του πόνου στη γάτα σε εργαστηριακό περιβάλλον. Μια από αυτές στηρίζεται στην εφαρμογή θερμικών ερεθισμάτων στο δέρμα του ζώου (Dixon et al 2002) και μια άλλη στη μέτρηση της δύναμης που ασκείται από το άκρο κατά τη βάδιση πάνω σε ειδικούς διαδρόμους (pressure-platform gait analysis) (Romans et al 2004). Η τελευταία μέθοδος αποκτά και κλινικό ενδιαφέρον σε ό,τι αφορά κυρίως στον πόνο που προέρχεται από τα άκρα, όπως συμ βαίνει μετά από επέμβαση ονυχεκτομής, αφοΰ οι τιμές των μετρήσεων είναι συνάρτηση του τρόπου χρησιμο ποίησης του άκρου.…”

Section: αναγνώριση του πόνουunclassified

Pain management in cat

Kazakos

Savvas

Raptopoulos

2017

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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Although cats are very popular pets, pain in this species is often underestimated. The reasons for this may include difficulties in pain recognition, unfamiliarity with the use of opioids or non-steroidal analgesic drugs, and with the application of local analgesic techniques. Proper pain management should always be undertaken mainly for medical and humane purposes. Pre-emptive and multimodal analgesia can aid significanly in postoperative pain alleviation. Nowadays, the veterinarian's armamentarium is equipped with a variety of agents in order to alleviate pain in cats. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are often as effective as opioids. The latter are now used successfully for pain management in cats. Both classes provide safe analgesia, taking into account the differences in metabolism between cats and other species. Adjunctive analgesic therapy may be provided with the use of ketamine or a2-adrenergic receptor agonists. Loco-regional analgesic techniques can be used to effectively manage pain in a variety of clinical settings.

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“…Das Wireless Thermal Testing System (WTT2) von der Firma "Topcat Metrology Ltd" ist ein Testsystem, das bereits für den Einsatz beim Pferd evaluiert wurde (Poller et al 2013a, b). Das Gerät erzeugt einen thermischen Stimulus mittels eines Heizelements, welches direkt auf der Haut des Tieres aufgebracht wird (Dixon et al 2002). Die Überprüfung der Effekte von Analgetika mit Hilfe des thermischen nozizeptiven Schwellenwertes erwies sich in mehreren Studien am Tier als geeignet (Dixon et al 2002, Love et al 2011, Poller 2013a (Zielmann et al 1997, Lankveld et al 2006.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…Das Gerät erzeugt einen thermischen Stimulus mittels eines Heizelements, welches direkt auf der Haut des Tieres aufgebracht wird (Dixon et al 2002). Die Überprüfung der Effekte von Analgetika mit Hilfe des thermischen nozizeptiven Schwellenwertes erwies sich in mehreren Studien am Tier als geeignet (Dixon et al 2002, Love et al 2011, Poller 2013a (Zielmann et al 1997, Lankveld et al 2006. Dieser Effekt erklärt den Anstieg der Herzfrequenz in der Ket-Gruppe zum Zeitpunkt T30.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

The effect of romifidine, ketamine and lidocaine on the thermal nociceptive threshold in horses

Wittenberg-Voges¹,

Iburg²,

Hopster³

et al. 2016

PHK

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Zusammenfassung: Ziel der Studie war es, ein besseres Verständnis der analgetischen Effektivität und Wirkungsdauer von Romifidin, Ketamin, Lidocain und ihren Kombinationen zu erhalten. Die Studie wurde verblindet im cross-over Design an 6 adulten Warmblutpferden durchgeführt. Zur Bestimmung des thermischen nozizeptiven Schwellenwertes wurde ein ansteigender thermischer Stimulus mit einer Heizrate von 0,8°C pro Sekunde bis zu einer Zwangsabschalttemperatur von 54°C (Wireless Thermal Testing System, Topcat Metrology Ltd.) seitlich der Nüster am Kopf des Pferdes aufgebracht. Im Abstand von 14 Tagen erfolgte eine Messung nach Kochsalzlösung-Applikation (Kontrolle), Romifidin (Rom 0,05 mg/kg), Ketamin (Ket 0,6 mg/kg), Romifidin in Kombination mit Ketamin (RomKet 0,05 mg/kg, 0,6 mg/kg), Lidocain (Lido 1,3 mg/kg) und Romifidin in Kombination mit Lidocain (RomLido 0,05 mg/kg, 1,3mg/kg). Vor und nach der Arzneimittelgabe (10, 30, 50, 70, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 und 1350 Minuten) Schlüsselwörter: Sedierung, thermisch-nozizeptiver Schwellenwert, Analgesie, Ketamin, LidocainThe effect of romifidine, ketamine and lidocaine on the thermal nociceptive threshold in horses During painful procedures at the head effective analgesia is necessary in horses. Therefor it was the aim of our study to evaluate the thermal antinociceptive effects of romifidine, ketamine, lidocaine and of the combination of romifidine with ketamine or lidocaine. The study was carried out in 6 healthy horses, between 7 and 20 years old and owned by the University of Veterinary Medicine in Hannover. The study was performed in a blinded randomized cross-over design. Each horse received an intravenous infusion of a placebo (0.9 % saline), romifidine (Rom 0.05 mg/kg), ketamine (Ket 0.6 mg/kg), romifidine with ketamine (RomKet 0.05 mg/kg, 0.6 mg/kg), lidocaine (Lido 1.3 mg/kg) and romifidine with lidocaine (RomLido 0.05 mg/kg, 1.3 mg/kg) with a wash-out period of 14 days between the trials. The thermal stimulus consisted of ramped contact heat (WTT2, Topcat Metrology Ltd) with a heating rate of 0.8°C per second until a safety cut out of 54°C was reached. The stimulation was performed on the head near the nostrils of the horses. Three baseline measurements were taken prior to injection of placebo, romifidine, ketamine, romifidine with ketamine, lidocaine or romifidine with lidocaine. The thermal nociceptive threshold was determined 10, 30, 50, 70, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 1350 minutes after medication. At the same time points degree of sedation and heart rate were assessed and recorded. For statistical analysis the SAS version 9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) was used. A statistical significance was attributed when p<0.05. Comparisons between treatments at each time point were performed via analysis of variance and post hoc tukey test. Analyses of variance for repeated measurements with post hoc dunnetts t-test were used to compare the values of each time point to the baseline values within the groups. The thermal nociceptive threshold increased in group Rom from...

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A thermal threshold testing device for evaluation of analgesics in cats

Cited by 115 publications

References 21 publications

Body weight affects behavioural indication of thermal nociceptive threshold in adult domestic cats (Felis catus)

Body weight affects behavioural indication of thermal nociceptive threshold in adult domestic cats (Felis catus)

Pain management in cat

The effect of romifidine, ketamine and lidocaine on the thermal nociceptive threshold in horses

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